How do you evaluate one or more of the approaches to language development: Associationist, Cognitive
How do you evaluate one or more of the approaches to language development: Associationist, Cognitive Language development is a very important part of the overall development of the child, and has been a focus of attention for many years. Within the last forty years, there has been a progression of theories which attempt to account for the speed and success of the young child's acquisition of language - the most recent of which is the functionalist (social interactionist) theory. This theory takes some of what is good from associationist (behaviourist), Chomskian (linguistic) and cognitive theories, and combines this with aspects which they tend to neglect, to make what is presently the most convincing theory of language acquisition. A brief resume of its forerunners is necessary in order to view functionalism in the correct way. In 'Verbal Behaviour' (1957), Skinner proposed a theory which accounted for language acquisition in purely behavioural terms: the child as a passive recipient learns language through extended classical and operant conditioning. Although such a theory has obvious shortcomings, it still attracts some followers. Chomsky responded to the behaviourist theory in 1959, when he stated his own theory based on linguistics: language is an innate ability for which there is a language acquisition device (LAD) in the brain, and every child is equipped with inborn
This essay will look at the Cognitive explanation of gender and its theories and evaluate it in detail. Cognitive theory on gender emphasises the role of thinking process.
Evaluate one theory of the gender acquisition and development. Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. Many factors from birth contribute as to how individuals identify their gender acquisition: male /female, masculine/famine. This essay will look at the Cognitive explanation of gender and its theories and evaluate it in detail. Cognitive theory on gender emphasises the role of thinking process. Thus covering how children take on and make sense of information about gender and how over time their understanding develops. Cognitive psychologists assume that changes in gender role behaviour reflect changes in how children understand and think about gender. These changes in understanding, in turn reflect (A) the gathering of information about gender absorbed from the environment and (B) developmental changes in the child's brain that allows it to process information in more sophisticated ways. Moreover theorists like Kohlberg and his 'Cognitive Developmental Theory', and also William Damon (1977) who actually carried out a study on Kohlbergs CDT. This theory looks at thought processes and how children progress and develop their gender through age progression and storing information. This explanation has faced criticisms from other theorists such as the biological approach; they disagree with the theory that, identical twin babies are
Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud In the 1920s, the world was changing dramatically. Underground salons were built, new architecture was used and modern dance was introduced. If it were not for certain people, the world would not be the way it is today. In the twenties, new theories and ideas in science and psychology were being presented daily. Sigmund Freud changed the world of psychology by presenting new and controversial ideas on psychology and having his theories published. Freud broke cultural boundaries as he fought scientists opposed to his books and continued to study the human mind. Freud truly helped change the world in the 1920s and his influence remains today. Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His father was a small time merchant. Sigmund's family moved to Vienna when he was four. Freud was very ambitious and a good student. In 1873, Freud entered the medical school of the University of Vienna. Freud was mainly interested in science and hoped become a neuropsychological researcher. However, because of his financial situation, Freud was unable to pursue his desired career. Researchers in the twenties had to be wealthy because they were paid based on their findings. While in medical school, Freud developed a friendship with Josef Breuer, another physician and psychologist. One of Josef Breuer's patients was Anna O. Anna O. was a young woman who had a
Relationship with My Mother.
Lauren Pagoto Com 315 Dr. Costello Final Paper Relationship with My Mother By studying the importance of communication and behaviors in our lives, I realize that many aspects of communication affect interpersonal situations and relationships. I am someone who has parts of my character that result due to different forms of the communicative experience. I will look at self-concept issues, interpersonal and social interactions to examine the relationship with my mother. In this class I have learned that communication is everywhere and constant in our lives and we develop interpersonal situations and a self through all of this. What is most relevant to my mother is how communication strongly forms her identity, and this affects our interpersonal situations at certain times. We form concepts of ourselves, as we develop who we are through communicating with others, and so my communication with my mother is perfectly relevant. The development of our self-concepts is generative rather than reflective. My mother and I's self-concept is the major issue in terms of not only us as personalities, but also the influence it has on our relationships and communicative interactions. A lot of our self-concept comes from various interactions we have with significant others, and strangers. I know that interactions with my mother bring happiness and love, but also uncertainty, and
Memory levels of processing
Memory Practical: Levels of processing. Table of Contents Abstract Page 3 Introduction Page 4 Method Page 6 Results Page 8 Discussion Page 11 References Page 12 Appendix Page 13 Abstract An experimental investigation took place in order to test the hypothesis, that there will be a higher score in words that have been associated with meaning rather than with a matched rhyming words. The aim of the investigation was to find out whether semantically characteristic words are easier to recall than words that rhyme. For this to be investigated, a list of 26 words were given to the participant to convert into words that had a meaning or a rhyming word. The participants then had to recall the original words. Then the participants were given the new words as a trigger to help recall. It was found that semantic words had a higher score of recall compared to rhyming words. A paired t test was calculated and was found to be significant with p<0.05 and P<0.01. The experiment also discovered that levels of processing took a significant part in explaining why semantic words were easier to recall. Introduction Memory is one of the most vital parts of human survival, without
In recent years there has been a shift in psychiatry and psychology from the emphasis upon the processes within the individual to the emphasis upon his relationships
Theoretical Approaches to Working with Adults BSHS 371: Julie Dunne Murphy University of Phoenix Greg McCool September 29, 2004 Theoretical Approaches to Working with Adults "People are born princes and princesses and then, their parents kiss them and turn them into frogs." They spend the rest of their lives at work and home living in "froggyness" until shown the way to transcend this maladaptive behavior (Berne, E. 1971). Many adults spend their lives playing psychological "games" that involve players, rules, moves and predictable outcomes that conceal true motives. These games are not enjoyable, but are cycles of compulsive, repetitious scenarios played to reinforce negative feelings and keep individuals from intimacy. These are patterned scripts for desired outcomes that are played in both work and home life. Family Systems, Transactional Analysis (TA), and Choice Theory are the three over-arching theories that address the family as the creator of maladaptive behavior and the individual as responsible for the choice to continue in this behavior. The basic tenets of the three theories are: One, individuals in families develop patterns of relating to each other and choose behaviors in an attempt to fulfill basic needs. Two, individuals as adults can choose to change their behavior if they are aware of the impact current and historical family behavior has on the
Discuss the application of psychological
DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Theory: - A set of ideas formulated to explain something (Oxford Dictionary 1995:333). That is the dictionary definition of the word "Theory". Therefore, in layman's terms a psychological theory can be interpreted as a way of collating and examining differing forms of behaviour and using them to help analyse behavioural patterns and make predictions about future patterns of behaviour. This essay will attempt to highlight some of the key areas pertaining to the Attachment Theory. Using relevant examples from my own experience, it will attempt to demonstrate the relationship between Attachment Theories and their relevance to the social work profession, and highlight the difficulties that can occur when using this theory to interpret human behaviour. In order to protect the confidentiality of any persons involved in the examples, I have changed the identifying names and places of all those involved. According to Kagan et al. (1978) (cited in Gross, 2001:460), an attachment is: "...an intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow." Whilst this definition can be used to identify any or all of our attachments formed at any point during our lives, it is accepted that our
Language and Communication.
Language and Communication. There is a distinct difference between language and communication. The two express our feelings, our thoughts and intentions, but in very different ways. Language can be defined as distinctly human; either spoken or written, it is unique to our race. "Humans are designed to talk. Our entire species is defined by the fact that we can talk. Dogs can't talk; birds can't talk; orang-utans can't talk. Dolphins seem to be able to communicate by clicks and whistles, but even they can't talk. Language is a uniquely human skill that makes us who we are."1 Communication, on the other hand, is something that many species share, a method of conversing using 'signs, symbols or behaviour'2. I intend, in this essay, to discuss the developing language and communicative abilities of an infant. I will separate the essay into three headings: nonverbal communication, language as sound and written and spoken media. A child is not born with developed communication skills; however, he gathers them quickly to survive and express his needs. By the time a child is one year old, he cannot communicate verbally, but he can be given his favourite toy by pointing to it, ask to be lifted up by outstretching his arms, and accept items such as food dishes. He is simultaneously absorbing all the sounds around him, anticipating the day that he can identify each individual
Discuss the growth and developmental stages of a normal five-year-old preschooler.
Introduction The aim of this case study is to discuss the growth and developmental stages of a normal five-year-old preschooler. Observations were made on the physical and motor and language development. Those observations were analyzed and compared with the theoretical development of a normal preschooler. The child's cognitive and psychosocial development was also assessed and the observations were linked to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development and to Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory. . Emily is a five-year-old girl and the participant of this case study. She is part of a family in the upper socio-economic level. Emily's parents both work full time and therefore, preschool is a large part of her average week. Emily is also the last-born child in the family and has two siblings, who are three and five years older then her. The family home is on a large block, which offers many opportunities to play and explore the environment. The following observations on Emily's development took place in the family home with supervision of both her parents. Emily's parents gave approval and verbal consent to those observations and they have been informed extensively about the aim of the case study and its necessary observations. Emily is very familiar with the observer of this case study, therefore, it was possible to interact with and observe her in a broader
what is dyslexia
What Is Dyslexia We all hope to find a challenging career that will propel us forward in today's society. For those suffering from dyslexia this only adds to the frustration and fears associated with seeking employment. Many adults with dyslexia or other forms of learning disabilities never disclose their disability in interviews or once employed for fear of being discriminated against. Several investigators have noted, however, that many persons with learning disabilities adjust well to the demands and complexities of adulthood. (Greenbaum et al. 1996). The basic cause of dyslexia is still not known, however, much research is being done to determine the problems underlying dyslexia. In many cases, dyslexia is highly inherited. Studies have shown a number of genes that may set the stage for its development. Characteristics of dyslexia are now more apparent to educators than ever before. Early educational interventions are helping individuals to manage their dyslexia. There have been some studies that attend to accommodating persons with learning disabilities in post-secondary and occupational settings. Only a few articles will be reviewed having been found worthy of this subject. However, before reviewing the articles, in order to gain a greater understanding of the types of learning disabilities people face lets define one of the most significant learning problems: