Discuss evidence which suggests cognitive development involves the child passing through a sequence of discrete developmental stages.

Effective communications Assignment 1 Task 2 b) How the communication cycle is used to communicate in difficult, complex and sensitive issues When working with people that may find it difficult to communicate due to a specific problem such as a hearing impairment the communication cycle can be used to communicate difficult, complex and sensitive issues. For instance if an health worker was trying to communicate with an individual that was death or had a hearing impairment by using the communication cycle they will be able to pick up on the persons body language and verbal response to their thoughts. By doing this they may notice that the person is having difficulties hearing them and will be able to ask them to turn their hearing aid on or they can talk a little louder so they can hear them. By using the communication cycle health workers are able to recognize communication barriers and do something to tackle it to make patients feel their needs are being met and to make them feel more at ease. Sensitive issues can be dealt with if a patient needs help but is embarrassed to talk to a health professional not of the same sex and has difficulties communicating due to a language barrier. In a care setting it is vital that health professionals respect the patient's wishes in order to help them. In order to help patients in this situation, the patient's needs must be taken

  • Word count: 1928
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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What is Temperament? - can it affect child development?

What is Temperament? - can it affect child development? Is it possible that temperament can affect child development? First I will define temperament. Then I will look at case studies to see if temperament affected the child's development. I will be looking at the work of M. Rutter and John Piaget. I will study case studies by T Berry Brazelton and Bertrand G Cramer. I will also see how temperament has been organised by Thomas and Chess, Buss and Plomin, Dunn and Kendrick, and Kagan. Finally I will look at 'goodness of fit'. Let me first define temperament. The concise Oxford Dictionary gives the definition of 'individual character of ones physical organisation permanently affecting the manner of acting, feeling and thinking.' Rutter (1987) defines it as 'an abstract notion of a trait or disposition to act or behave which is not shown by just one behaviour act but rather in the qualities of behaviour over extended periods of time'. (book one) I would like to look at some case studies. The first case I would like to look at is Robert. Robert was studied by T. Berry Brazelton and Bertrand G. Cramer. Robert's mother was aware that her baby was going to be big but was still shocked when she saw how big he was. Robert was well-built and weighed nine pounds. He was active and wide awake. He was wriggling and looking around the room. His head was slightly

  • Word count: 2116
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Outline Freud's model of the mind or psyche, and consider why this is sometimes referred to as the 'psychodynamic' model

Outline Freud's model of the mind or psyche, and consider why this is sometimes referred to as the 'psychodynamic' model. Include in your answer relevant key terms that are associated with Freud's thought. "An unconscious dimension to the human psyche had been apparent to philosophers and artists for centuries" (Key Sociological Thinkers). Sigmund Freud, however, attempted to put a structure to the 'unconscious' in order to define and provide an explanation of some of the ways our unconscious mind is expressed. He divided the model of the psyche into unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious states of mind. Freud's work was originally directed towards researching the unconscious psyche after assisting Dr Joseph Breuer to write a book on the theory behind 'hysteria'. The book charted Breuer's constant observations of one of his patients. A woman - nicknamed 'Anna O' - developed a series of unusual symptoms without legitimate physical causes which began after her father died. "She lost the feeling in her hands and feet, developed some paralysis, and began to have involuntary spasms. She also had visual hallucinations and tunnel vision." (Personality Theories: Sigmund Freud) Breuer describes Anna O falling into 'spontaneous hypnosis' in which she would talk freely about her anxieties and specific disturbing thoughts. When Anna 'woke-up' from her trance, some of her symptoms

  • Word count: 1647
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Critique one major psychological theory: Freud

UNIVERSITY OF WALES COLLEGE NEWPORT B.A COMMUNITY STUDIES HUMAN GROWTH AND BEHAVIOUR Critique one major psychological theory: Freud TUTOR: KIRSTEN MERRYL-GLOVER STUDENT: 10021929 DATE DUE: 10 DECEMBER 2002 A critique of the Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian physician who pioneered the study of the unconscious. He developed the methods of free association and interpretations of dreams that are basic techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud used the term psychoanalysis to describe his theories and techniques for identifying and curing the mental problems of his patients. Freud developed his theory during the second half of the nineteenth century; he spent much of his life attempting to develop his ideas to explain all aspects of human behaviour (Benson 1991, p. 33). This essay will attempt to outline the four main concepts that Freud developed in relation to personality development, the unconscious, the psychosexual stages of development and how defence mechanisms can be shown in behaviour and finally an evaluation of Freuds work will be considered along with criticism of his theory. Freud devised the best known and arguably the most widely studied of all the personality theories. Freud believed that instinctual biological urges, primarily sexual and aggressive are the forces that motivate every aspect of an individual's behaviour.

  • Word count: 2317
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Do fathers really matter in the development of children? Discuss with reference to recent theory and literature.

Do fathers really matter in the development of children? Discuss with reference to recent theory and literature. The role of the father is an important one in families as fathers contribute both to the growth and development of their children. There is an evolving view of the role of the father which has changed dramatically during the 20th Century alongside with the changing role of the family. Traditionally the role of the father was seen as the breadwinner, in terms of their ability to provide economically for their family. In today's society, qualities of being a good father not only include providing financial stability to the family however involve being able to actively take part in their children' life as well as establishing closer relationships. In this essay I will be looking closer at research on children's development within father absent families and lesbian mother families, in comparison to children's development in traditional families. Also I will be viewing the main contributions a father makes to a child's development. Some studies find that fathers who are more involved with their children contribute much to their children's intellectual, social, and emotional development (Engle & Breaux, 1998). For example, the quality of the interaction between the child and the father has been found to be a better predictor of children's cognitive development than the

  • Word count: 1797
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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To work with people it is important to understand the development of their sense of self and their unconscious motivations. Discuss.

MA IN YOUTH AND COMMUNITY STUDIES (DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMME) YEAR 1 MODULE 1 Tutor : Simon Bradford Student : Susanna Pope ED5111 : Psychology * Essay : To work with people it is important to understand the development of their sense of self and their unconscious motivations. Discuss. (2000 words) * Case Study : The development of school mental health workshops. (2000 words) To work with people it is important to understand the development of their sense of self and their unconscious motivations. Discuss. Sense of self is the profound emotion of our individual value. All workers, particularly youth orientated, should be familiar with the important part self esteem plays in the recognition of who we are and how we deal with the events of our lives. According to Heinz Kohut, sense of self isn't something you'd love to have but don't have. All of us need self esteem and adolescence is the time to balance and retain the level of sense of self gained during our childhood. "Good sense of self is important because it helps you to hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do. It gives you the courage to try new things and the power to believe in yourself. It lets you respect yourself, even when you make mistakes. And when you respect yourself, adults and other kids usually respect you, too." (McCombes, B. I. 1997) This paper presents some

  • Word count: 2120
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The concept of attachment is "the tendancy of the young organism to seek closeness to particular individuals and to feel more secure in their presence" (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith and Bem 1992).

The concept of attachment is "the tendancy of the young organism to seek closeness to particular individuals and to feel more secure in their presence" (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith and Bem 1992). Infants are usually considered to be attached to someone, when they display characteristics of distress on seperation, and joy on reunion, as well as seeking the person in moments of stress. A general orientation to the person, in ways such as gazing and following also seems to be a characteristic of bonding. The first study concerned with such bonding was by Klaus and Kennell (1976). Inspired by animal research, they were interested to study the sensitive period in women after giving birth. They observed how when "female goats....if seperated from their offspring for as little as five minutes after birth, will reject the infants upon being reunited with them" (cited in Eyer 1992). Because of this, they were interested to see whether the same could possibly apply in human mothers. To test this, they randomly allocated mothers to a treatment group, which allowed extra contact with their child after birth, or a control group, which seperated mother and child from birth, until the child's first feed. They found that mothers who did have the extra contact with their infants showed better mothering skills, such as more kissing, eye contact and holding the baby closer, than those who

  • Word count: 2041
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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In this Psychology reflection paper, I am going to discuss the movie The curious case of Benjamin button released in 2007 and apply three psychology theories on the selected scenes.

In this Psychology reflection paper, I am going to discuss the movie "The curious case of Benjamin button" released in 2007 and apply three psychology theories on the selected scenes. This movie is about the life of an unusual man called Benjamin. He has an opposite life than everybody else's. He aged in reverse, born as an old man and get younger every day. His mother died after giving birth, and then his father abandoned Benjamin because of his appearance. He was raised in a nurse house by a woman named Queenie and lived with those real elderly. He met his love in his life there, Daisy, who was a little girl at that time. He became a tugboat worker at 17 as he wanted to see the world. Until Benjamin and Daisy caught each other age, they fell in love and lived in a duplex together. However, after Daisy gave birth to his baby, he decided to leave her because he didn't want to be Daisy's burden, and started travelling around the world. In Benjamin's last days, Daisy moved in with him until he passed away as baby. Although Benjamin has an old face when he was young, and grew younger and younger physically every day, he had a psychological development like normal people. There are three psychology theories can be applied in scenes in this movie. They are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and long term memory. First, in the

  • Word count: 1602
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Since Brocas 1861 discovery, the left and right cerebral hemispheres have been characterised as being verbal and nonverbal respectively. Though this dichotomy serves adequately as a rule of thumb, an increasing body of research has highlight

Since Broca's 1861 discovery, the left and right cerebral hemispheres have been characterised as being verbal and nonverbal respectively. Though this dichotomy serves adequately as a rule of thumb, an increasing body of research has highlighted linguistic capacity in the supposedly 'nonverbal' right hemisphere. Compare and contrast the language processing abilities of the left and right hemispheres, paying particular attention to their phonological processing abilities. Make sure you draw on evidence from visual half field research and either clinical/split brain or imaging research to support your arguments. The right and left hemispheres of the brain are similar in appearance; being mirror images of each other. However, on closer neuropsychological examination the hemispheres differ, particularly in the planum temporal of the cortical region. This area is involved in the processing of language and it is seen that it is larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere in 65% of subjects (Haralambos, 2002). The major differences between the two hemispheres are their functions. Each hemisphere controls the movements made by the opposite side of the body. The same applies to visual processing but with more complicating factors. So the left visual field is represented in the right hemisphere and visa versa. Therefore damage to the right hemisphere will cause loss

  • Word count: 1793
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Which is the most important of the Saussurean dichotomies?

Which is the most important of the Saussurean dichotomies? Saussure was unhappy with the manner in which language, and the study of language, were dealt with in his time. As a result he refused to publish anything of his own, his legacy was brought to us through the work of his students. Saussure's principle complaint with how language was studied was that it was not in any way structured. It his work that has changed that and has resulted in present day linguistics. To understand the relationship between the structure of language and its use, we must explore some of the dichotomies that are characteristic of Saussure's work. The most well known, and perhaps most misunderstood, are langue and parole. Briefly, langue is the system of a language where parole is the actual speech that takes place. In parole, the speaker selects and combines elements from langue to manifest concepts. Saussure says that langue is the more important of the two, and is in fact very important to the formalisation of language and its study. The emphasis on langue has allowed for the creation of whole new disciplines. Examples are phonetics and phonology which study the physical act of sound production and the distinction between sounds respectively. In addition Saussure's work has been built upon by countless other linguists, such as Chomsky. Saussure also discusses other dichotomies. The

  • Word count: 426
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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