Application of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Application of Moral Development 1 Application of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: A Situational Illustration Aleisha Green PSY/LDR 301 Adult Development and Life Assessment Dr. Natalie L. Petouhoff November, 2004 App. of Moral Development 2 Application of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: A Situational Illustration Lawrence Kohlberg, philosopher of morality, theorizes that human beings develop morals in stages, progressing consecutively from one stage to the next in an invariant sequence (Bee, 2004, p.314). His model consists of three levels and a total of six stages (Bee, 2004, p.314). These stages are extremely accurate, as well as useful, in understanding others' behavior and what motivates such behavior when applied to practical, real life situations. I have personally found this to be true as it has served as my beacon in the dark over the last two weeks or so while "testing the theory" in within my own life's circumstances and interactions with others. Having such an invaluable tool can give one the upper hand in dealing with and manipulating potentially unproductive situations from a moral standpoint. It is very important to acknowledge that all people are not necessarily at the same place and/or stage in their moral development. Once one makes this connection, they will be equipped with the weapons needed
Chart the course of the development of a psychoanalytic technique known as transference.
This essay will chart the course of the development of a psychoanalytic technique known as transference. Transference, in classical Freudian psychoanalysis, will be defined and explained in relation to other psychoanalytic phenomena, particularly repression and resistance. The relevance of transference as a therapeutic tool will then be discussed in accompaniment to answering the question "Why interpret transference?" Lastly, an overview of the fostering of transference within contemporary psychoanalysis will be provided as well as a short analysis of transference in cyberspace. The rejection of hypnosis and the adoption of free association In 1895, Breuer and Freud published 'Studies on Hysteria', which compiled several important case studies the colleagues had developed through their analytic work. For both doctors, this book marked an important move away from hypnosis, which had begun to prove itself as an unreliable tool within analysis (Freud, 1910). It was Breuer's patient, Anna O., who contributed to the development of 'the talking cure' or 'chimney sweeping', both terms that she herself had invented (Freud, 1910; Breger,2000). This procedure aided the removal of hysterical symptoms by the patient's ability to describe the event, which was connected to the onset of hysteria, 'in the greatest possible detail' (Breuer and Freud,1893-1905). "Bertha was a woman of
The written transcript between Tom and his mother reveals the ways in which Tom's linguistic development is achieved through techniques used by his mother, such as reinforcement and covert correction
By reference to the data and to ideas from language study, write about how Tom uses language. You should take account of context in your answer. The written transcript between Tom and his mother reveals the ways in which Tom's linguistic development is achieved through techniques used by his mother, such as reinforcement and covert correction. Tom's mother speaks to Tom using 'child directed speech', and relies on asking Tom direct questions in order to prompt speech. She used simple lexis and grammar as an extension of Tom's speech, in order to allow him to understand. Tom is in a developed stage of telegraphic phase of language acquisition. His vocabulary is limited, but he seems to understand a range of lexis that his mother uses. Some of his sentences, although simple, are grammatically correct - although others have grammatical features missing. By using direct questions such as "Where do they go?" Tom's mother is encouraging Tom to reply and therefore develop his speech. Because she is using the demonstrative determiner (grammar), it can be assumed that she is pointing at something and using visualisation in order to advance Tom's learning. His mum also asks him to interact by asking him 'how many chickens are there?' By counting the chickens Tom is learning both numerical and linguistic skills. By focusing Tom's attention on objects, she is increasing his word
Personality Characteristics. Psychodynamic theory, made popular by Sigmund Freud, makes personality a completely biological construct. Freud believed that the building blocks of personality existed in the individuals drives and within the unconscious
Running head: PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS PAPER Personality Characteristics Paper ANTHONY STAMATOURAS UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX PSYCH 504 July 13, 2009 Personality Characteristics Paper Many theories exist on the development of personality. To some theorists, personality is built on purely biological factors. Other theorists consider personality to be a construct built entirely on environmental factors. Still other theorists believe that while personality development is based in biology, it is influenced by environmental factors. Even more confusing is that each one of these viewpoints can be effectively argued. Psychodynamic theory and trait theory are two of these personality development theories. The development of my own personality will be discussed in terms of these theories, psychodynamic theory and trait theory Psychodynamic theory, made popular by Sigmund Freud, makes personality a completely biological construct. Freud believed that the building blocks of personality existed in the individual's drives and within the unconscious and subconscious workings of the human brain. Psychodynamic theory relies on subjective decisions being made based on observations made by the therapist. On the other hand, trait theory is an objective theory that extends from testing done on measurable criteria. These criteria, the Big Five proposed as being consistent traits
Punishment is when a response is followed by a stimulus that suppresses the frequency of a response in the future and this stimulus is called the punisher.
Punishment is when a response is followed by a stimulus that suppresses the frequency of a response in the future and this stimulus is called the punisher. Bandura and Walters (1959) stated that children who are made to suffer grow up to be adults who make others suffer (as cited in Chance, 1999). They begin to deal with their problems in later life with troublesome behaviour and inflicting pain on others just like their punishers did to them when they were younger. Skinner suggested that it is possible to construct a society in which punishable behaviours occur infrequently or never. 'Basically if behavioural technology was used to control behaviour in nonpunitive ways, good behaviours would be common, and there would be little or no need for punitive measures' (Nye, 1993, pg. 104). Skinner's earliest work shows that punishment only has a temporary suppressive effect, rather than permanently decreasing responding. Conclusions form Estes' (1944) work shows that within limits more intense and frequent punishment produces greater response suppression providing that the punishment stimulus is reliable and immediately follows the response (as cited in Leslie, 1996, pg. 256). Misbehaviour persists in spite of punishment because it is also reinforced. This happens when the alternative of other behaviours are so daunting and unknown that they think they may receive more
My activity was based on Year 1 literacy following a full week lessons. This came about following a discussion with the class teacher that, as I was to organise, plan and deliver a lesson that fitted in with what was required
Introduction Learning is an individual process of which many factors can contribute to our effectiveness and willingness to learn. We each learn in different ways and there are many differing theories in practice today in educational settings that are currently being used. This assignment looks at these theories and how, by offering an effective learning experience for children, play and education is developed to meet individual children's requirements in the classroom. This will be delivered in a written assignment and a presentation. The presentation will focus on an individual whole class session taking pedagogy into account. The assignment will cover the class session and look into relevant theories and learning styles that can be used effectively in the classroom. My Activity My activity was based on Year 1 literacy following a full week lessons. This came about following a discussion with the class teacher that, as I was to organise, plan and deliver a lesson that fitted in with what was required from the National Literacy Strategy, it would be more beneficial for the children and my own professional development, that I completed the full week as this is how the children are used to working - a topic building up for completion over the full week. My assignment fitted in very well with the schools' target of trying to use each learning strategy of audio, visual and
The German physiologist and psychologist, Wilhelm Max Wundt, is generally known as the founder of Exper
The German physiologist and psychologist, Wilhelm Max Wundt, is generally known as the founder of Exper v imental Psychology. His major contributions to Psychology can be divided into three parts : (1) He played a central role in establishing psychology as an independent science. (2) He developed the methods to investigate psychological phenomena. (3) He proposed the theoretical notions which served as points of reference for subsequent development in psychology. His conception of psychology was directly influenced by the philosophical writings of Rene Descartes and John Herbart and the experimental efforts of Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner. These influences encouraged him to establish psychology as an independent subject of science. Wundt employed three methods to investigate psychological phenomena : (1) Introspection (2) Experimentation (3) Historical Analysis. Throughout his adult life, he restlessly campaigned in order to have psychology recognized as an independent discipline with its own subject matter. He was the first person in the history of psychology to be properly designated as a psychologist. He held the first academic course in Psychology in 1862v. He founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific Method of Experimentation. Structuralism attempted to
Developmental psychopathology
Student Number: 01051571 Word Count: 2,706 Date: 04/04/2005 Developmental psychopathology is an integrative approach combining a number of theoretical perspectives and thus tapping the empirically validated contributions of different schools of thought in order to understand the emergence of psychopathology across the life-span (Norcross, 1997). Developmental psychopathology integrates behaviour, cognition, unconscious processes and family processes in order to establish a comprehensive understanding of the development of psychopathology (Cicchetti, 1984; Wenar & Kerig, 2000). This essay will focus on the contribution of the behaviourist, psychoanalytic, family systems and cognitive models to the understanding of developmental processes (with a focus on attachment, initiative, and control) which are involved in the emergence of psychopathology as discussed in regard to major depression and anorexia nervosa. The models discussed will also be evaluated in terms of their contribution to integrative explanations of psychopathology. The Behaviourist Model From a behavioural perspective psychopathology is evident when the behaviour displayed exceeds or occurs at a lower frequency or intensity than is considered age-appropriate (Wenar et al., 2000). Psychopathology is also characterised in terms of learning principles. For
Is Underdevelopment a Problem Caused by the Human or Physical Environment?
Richard Wright A325665 Geography Is Underdevelopment a Problem Caused by the Human or Physical Environment 28/10/2003 Is Underdevelopment a Problem Caused by the Human or Physical Environment Underdevelopment has a multitude of different interpretations for its definition and explanation, there is not a particular single cause, or effect for underdevelopment, it is however a word that has multiple definitions and multiple explanations, from both a physical and a human environmental perspective. According to the dictionary underdevelopment is a state of inadequate development; where the term development is understood to mean an act of improvement, either by expanding, enlarging or refining from the current situation, an example of underdevelopment might be, "much poverty can be traced to the underdevelopment of industry." or "an area that is lacking in natural resources and is in a poor environmental location and will therefore find development more difficult." The most commonly used indicators of development and underdevelopment can be measured from studies carried out by institutions such as (UNDP) United Nations Development Program or The (WHO) World Health Organization or even the World Bank. These institutions have standardized methods of data that enable researchers to be able to take accurate measurements on the state of "Human" underdevelopment around the globe;
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Chomsky's approach to Language Acquisition.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Chomsky's approach to Language Acquisition. Noam Chomsky is perhaps the best known and influential linguist of the second half of the Twentieth Century. He has made a number of claims about language, in particular he suggests that language is an innate discipline in that we are born with a set of rules about language in our heads which he refers to as the 'Universal Grammar'. The universal grammar is the basis upon which all human languages build. In Chomsky's early work, this takes the form of an innate structure called the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). Psychologists have produced several accounts of infant language acquisition, which differ in their underlying theoretical perspectives. Behavioural perspectives in Language acquisition identified a sequence in language development. Skinner (1957) argued that language was learned by the child through the process of operant conditioning, a process of stimulus-response where a result occurs as a consequence of actions and that the environment in which a child lives reinforces behaviour. Skinner suggests that the prelinguistic stage of language in which a baby cries with hunger, pain and anger at the early stages and then progresses on to cooing and babbling is reinforced by the parents, in particular the mother, by rewards such as a smile or attention. Both Skinner and Bandura