self esteem and personality factors
Title: A re-investigation into the relationship between personality factors and individuals perceived self esteem beliefs. Abstract: This research investigated the relationship between personality factors and an individuals perceived self esteem beliefs, via quantitative data from a one-way independent MANOVA design. The Interpersonal awareness and social interaction questionnaire measured both variables (see appendix ?). An opportunity sample of 162 participants anonymously participated in the study. A one-way independent MANOVA calculation demonstrated a statistically significant main effect between personality and individual self esteem beliefs and represents a large effect size F(5, 165) = 12.92, p<.001, Wilks' ?= .71, partial ?2 = .293. Introduction: The causes, parallels and consequences of high and low self esteem have been widely studied (Baumeister, 1993; Harter, 1998). Self esteem is associated with an individual's perceived sense of self worth and the value they place upon themselves (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991). Rosenberg (1965), simplified this as having a favourable or unfavourable attitude towards oneself (Cited in John & MacAarthur, 2004). Personality on the other hand is widely measured via the Five Factor Model (FFM) consisting of five primary sub sections being neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness (McCrae &
Briefly describe three models of human development. How well does each account for the development of language?
Language Development Running Head; Human Development and Language Briefly describe three models of human development. How well does each account for the development of language? Student No 10390319 Thames Valley University Word Count 2208 Language Development Briefly describe three models of human development. How well does each account for the development of language? So much of human development involves interaction with others therefore the medium of language whether spoken, written or gestured, plays a central role in our lives. But what is language, how can it be defined and what are its major components? How does a human develop and acquire language. What do three of the main models in Psychology think of language acquisition? In this essay I will briefly discuss the three main models of human development and then will attempt to answer the question of how language is developed and acquired using the views of the main models and their theorists. Models within Developmental Psychology include Nativists, Empiricists, Transactionalists and Interactionists. Nativists can either be pre formationists who argue that you are born with pre set patterns and nothing can change this, or, pre determinists who do not deny the importance of environmental stimuli, but they say language acquisition cannot be accounted for on the basis of environmental factors only. Noam
Discuss the role non-verbal communication (NVC) plays in the operation and effectiveness of verbal communication.
Discuss the role non-verbal communication (NVC) plays in the operation and effectiveness of verbal communication. Everyday interaction depends on a subtle relationship between what we express in words and what we convey through numerous forms of non-verbal communication (Giddens, 2001). Non-verbal communication (NVC) is the body signals that we deliberately or inadvertently make when we are with other people. NVC tends to run in parallel with verbal communication. It can influence another by many means, which may be intentional, or it may be unintentional. "When we communicate with others we not only speak but we also emit non-verbal vocalisations, gestures, facial expressions and gazes. These are closely integrated with words and may amplify or disambiguate them" (Argyle, 1975). Argyle's view shows that NVC is part of verbal communication and is vital to the interpretation of meaning of words. Abercrombie's view supports that of Argyle's. "People speak with the vocal organs but communicate with the whole body" (1968). The three main forms of NVC are body language, paralanguage and appearance. Body language includes eye contact, proximity, gestures and facial expressions. Paralanguage can be non-verbal but vocal, using the voice to modulate words, intonation, voice pitch, tone and volume and 'stressing' of words or a part of a word. Appearance
Discuss evidence which suggests cognitive development involves the child passing through a sequence of discrete developmental stages.
Effective communications Assignment 1 Task 2 b) How the communication cycle is used to communicate in difficult, complex and sensitive issues When working with people that may find it difficult to communicate due to a specific problem such as a hearing impairment the communication cycle can be used to communicate difficult, complex and sensitive issues. For instance if an health worker was trying to communicate with an individual that was death or had a hearing impairment by using the communication cycle they will be able to pick up on the persons body language and verbal response to their thoughts. By doing this they may notice that the person is having difficulties hearing them and will be able to ask them to turn their hearing aid on or they can talk a little louder so they can hear them. By using the communication cycle health workers are able to recognize communication barriers and do something to tackle it to make patients feel their needs are being met and to make them feel more at ease. Sensitive issues can be dealt with if a patient needs help but is embarrassed to talk to a health professional not of the same sex and has difficulties communicating due to a language barrier. In a care setting it is vital that health professionals respect the patient's wishes in order to help them. In order to help patients in this situation, the patient's needs must be taken
Theory - Human memory has fascinated philosophers and thinkers for hundreds of years.
Following an earlier research by Craik and Tulving ( 1975), an experiment was designed to explore the "levels of processing" framework for human memory. It was hypothesised that the durability of the memory trace would be a positive function of the "depth" of processing, where depth referred to "greater degrees of semantic involvement"(Craik and Tulving, 1975). Twenty eight subjects were induced to process words to different depths: shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about a word's typescript, while deep encodings were induced by asking whether a word would fit into a given category. Deeper encodings were found to be associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test than shallow ones. This result was tested using Student's unrelated t-test and found to be significant. The experiment's result appears to support Craik and Tulving's theory that retention depends critically on the qualitative nature of the encoding operations. The broader implications of these results as well as suggestions for further research are finally considered. Introduction Theory Human memory has fascinated philosophers and thinkers for hundreds of years. A variety of metaphors, often of a special nature, have been used to try and capture the way memory works. Memory has been frequently thought of as a mental space in the brain: Aristotle talked of the
The study carried out is based on the theories of schema. It focuses on the recent Asian tsunami.
Introduction Background research The study carried out is based on the theories of schema. It focuses on the recent Asian tsunami. It aims to find out if Asians or non-Asians will be more aware and have a better understanding of the incident because of a schema that relate to the area involved. All human beings possess categorical rules or scripts that they use to interpret the world. New information is processed according to how it fits into these rules, called schema. These schemas can be used not only to interpret but also to predict situation occurring in our environment. Information that does not fit into these schemas may not be comprehended, or may not be comprehended correctly. The learner in schema theory actively builds schema and revises them in light on new information. Each individual's schema is unique and depended on that individual's experiences and cognitive processes. Schemas are meaning-driven and networks of propositions are actively constructed by the learner. When we are asked to recall a story that we were told, we are able to reconstruct the meaning of the story, but usually not the exact sentences that we are told but the story is remembered by actively constructing a meaningful representation of the story in our memory. This theory can be tested in the levels of culture and understanding of the cultures surroundings. The study tries to find out
Conformity on Social Deviancy Using Crossing Methods.
TITLE Conformity on Social Deviancy Using Crossing Methods. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine if any conformity on social deviancy would occur whilst instigating an unsafe crossing at a pedestrian crossing. A small group of psychology students from Magee Campus, University of Ulster used the aid of unsuspecting pedestrians to complete the study. The students waited and crossed at a green light/ red man and recorded how many, if any, males, females and groups proceeded to cross with them. A sample of 100 pedestrians was used and although individuals were categorised into gender, age was not recorded. With the use of SPSS we analysed the data and this was interpreted using a one way ANOVA, as there was a dependant variable and independent variable with 3 or more levels. Our findings revealed through a homogeneity of variance test, Lev (2, 97) = 3.038 p>.05 our results were significant. We further found using the ANOVA table that F(2, 97)=41.544 p<.05 therefore the null hypothesis was rejected as a result. Introduction When we find ourselves in groups we inevitably find ourselves in the minority, we often feel uncomfortable in these situations so we generally seek out groups with interests somewhat similar to our own. None of us are immune to social influences and most instances to conformity are beneficial to all of us. Many scientists have researched on
Memory loss- Outline and discuss the principle features of organic amnesia.
Memory loss- Outline and discuss the principle features of organic amnesia An amnesiac is someone who suffers from memory loss, and one of the reasons this might occur is as the result of brain damage. Organic amnesia is the loss of memory due to physical damage to the brain and is also known as the amnesiac syndrome. Most patients with amnesia show normal intelligence and a short-term memory span, but have impaired recall and recognition for facts and events experienced before or after the critical brain damage (Mayes 1992). One of the several ways that the brain damage can arise, is from Korsakoff's syndrome, which is the consequence of a deficiency in the vitamin Thiamine, associated with chronic alcoholism. It is the most common cause of acute amnesia. Sufferers of the syndrome are unable to recall many items or events of the past. When they are presented with such items, the patient does not feel identifiable with them. Patients often deny that there is anything wrong with them, and time and place can be disorientating for them. To fill in gaps in their memory they may also confabulate, or make up false bits of memories, that they believe to be true. Other causes of amnesia may result from surgical lesions conducted for the relief of epilepsy, infection of the brain or encephalitis and head injury. Amnesia is linked to causing bilateral damage to a number of structures
Reflect the experiment Asch conducted in 1951.
Title Group Size and Conformity. Abstract The experiment I will carry out to find my aim will reflect the experiment Asch conducted in 1951. To find out if conformity does really exist and if increasing the number of confederates in a group will have any significant changes. Previous research has indicated that conformity increases when confederates increase. I will have a group of students, who will undergo a test within a group. The number of confederates will increase within the group, starting with two people, 1 of whom will be a confederate. The participants will be from my college and they will roughly be of the same age group. The group size will increase with the addition of more participants and a further one confederate. The chosen method for this experiment is experimental as I am comparing two variables, group size and conformity. I will use an independent measure design as different participants will be used in different situations. We want to see in this experiment if conformity occurs when someone voluntarily performs an act because others are doing it as previous research has indicated. Introduction Conformity is defined by Zimbardo (1992) as, 'A tendency for people to adopt behaviour, values and attitudes of other members of a reference group.' Mann (1969) identified the two major types of conformity: normative conformity and informational conformity.
In what ways does the practice of applied psychology show that academic psychology is not simply a data-gathering exercise, but has practical benefits for human life?
In what ways does the practice of applied psychology show that academic psychology is not simply a data-gathering exercise, but has practical benefits for human life? Introduction It could be argued that the major justification for the existence of academic psychology is ultimately to produce practical benefits for human life. Of course it would be satisfying to know intellectually why we do the things we do, but more than that, we would like to be able to apply psychological methods to making our own lives and the lives of others happier, safer and free. The dictionary defines 'benefit' as 'enhances wellbeing' (Heritage(r) Dictionary of the English Language, 2000). Below I firstly explore situations where psychology studies could benefit human life where they to be applied, secondly those areas where psychology has been applied but whether well-being has been enhanced overall is uncertain. Lastly I describe where the benefit to human life from psychology in action is clearly demonstrated. Psychological studies with potential for benefit Increasingly psychology research in the area of psychopathology is leading to the conclusion that so-called mental illness is not so much a 'chemical imbalance' as it is colloquially known but rather a result of 'bad life experiences'. This is shown in the case of schizophrenia, a mental aberration often thought of as having
