Universal Grammar In Second Language Acquisition: The nature of interlanguage representation.

UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: THE NATURE OF INTERLANGUAGE REPRESENTATION* Lydia White McGill University Constraints on representation In this paper, I provide an overview of differing perspectives on the role of Universal Grammar (UG) in second language acquisition (SLA). I will suggest that we must not lose sight of the fact that UG is a theory which provides constraints on linguistic representation. At issue, then, is whether inter-language (IL) representation is constrained by UG. UG is part of an innate biologically endowed language faculty. It places limitations on grammars, constraining their form (the inventory of possible grammatical categories, in the broadest sense, i.e., syntactic, semantic, phonological), as well as how they operate (the computational system, principles that the grammar is subject to). UG includes invariant principles, as well as parameters. While theories like Government- Binding (GB), Minimalism, or Optimality Theory differ as to how precisely they handle concepts like principles and parameters, there is a consensus that certain properties of language are too abstract, subtle and complex to be learned without postulating innate and specifically linguistic constraints. Much of the work on UG in SLA has been conducted within the GB framework. Since then, there have been changes in linguistic theory; some

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with sexually abusive behavior.

The assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with sexually abusive behavior requires an understanding of normal sexual development. A multiplicity of biological and psychosocial factors determines the child's sexual development, gender role, sexual orientation, patterns of sexual arousal, sexual cognitions, sexual socialization, and the integration of sexual and aggressive patterns of behavior. The individual's sexuality evolves in concert and as a result of interaction with family, ethnic, social, and cultural influences. These parameters summarize what we know about the epidemiology and phenomenology of sexually abusive youths and provide guidelines for the assessment and the selection of treatment interventions for these youths. Essential considerations in the assessment and treatment of sexually abusive youths, as well as the different categories of sexually abusive youths which should be recognized and which influence treatment decisions, are presented. The spectrum of currently available psy chosocial and biological treatments will be summarized. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999, 38(12 Supplement):55S--76S. Key Words: juvenile, sex, sexual abuse, sex offender, practice parameters, guidelines, children, adolescents. There is evidence of a significant increase in the reports of juvenile sexual aggression and sexual abuse. Sexual assault is one of

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Psychological and Sociological Perspectives On Human Development and Behaviour.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOUR Cherine Docherty - HNC Social Care In my portfolio, I am going to analyse the psychological factors influencing the development and needs to the individual throughout the life cycle and the sociological factors contributing to the understanding of the development of the individual. I am going to base my portfolio into seven different chapters; My first chapter I will analyse the development of the infancy stage, speaking about Freud and Erikson's theories, I will also speak about single parent families, one cause and effect of discrimination, and I will include my own personal experience; My second chapter I will analyse the development of the childhood stage, speaking about Freud and Erikson's theories, I will also speak about the nuclear family in this chapter; My third chapter I will analyse the development of adolescence, speaking about Freud and Erikson's theories; My fourth chapter I will analyse the development of adulthood, speaking about Maslow and Erikson's theories; In my fifth chapter I will analyse the development of the older adult, speaking about Maslow and Erikson's theories, I will also speak about the extended family and one cause and effect of discrimination. Throughout these five chapters I will also include in each one; socialisation, poverty, PICES and I will portray

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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juvenile conflict with law

[A project work submitted to the faculty of Sociology as a partial fulfillment of B.Sc.LL.B (Hons) course] Submitted to: Submitted by: Dr. Anuradha Parashar Yudhister Meena Faculty of Sociology Roll No. 398 Semester- IV Acknowledgement I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and personal regards to Dr. Anuradha Parashar madam for helping and guiding me during the course of this project work. I also owe my sincere thanks to the library staff of NLU for their cooperation and facilities extended from time to time. I am thankful to my parents for their inspiration they gave me in completing this work sincerely. Also I am thankful to all those people who helped me in preparing this project. Yudhister Meena Roll No. 398 Semester-IV Table Of Content S. No. Particulars Page No. . Introduction 4 2. Juvenile Delinquency - An Introduction 4 3. Extent of the Problem 1 4. Socio - Economic Background Of Juveniles Apprehended 2 5. Causal Factors of Juvenile Delinquency 9 6. History about the enactments

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Self-Report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview.

Self-Report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview Kelly A. Brennan State University of New York at Stony Brook Catherine L. Clark Western Consortium for Public Health Phillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (1998) (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press. Address correspondence to the first author at the Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420. Electronic mail inquiries may be directed to [email protected]. Self-Report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview Ever since Hazan and Shaver (1987) showed that it is possible to use a self-report questionnaire to measure adolescent and adult romantic-attachment orientations (secure, anxious, and avoidant--the three patterns identified by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall, 1978, in their studies of infant-caregiver attachment), a steady stream of variants and extensions of their questionnaire have been proposed. The resulting diversity often arouses frustration and confusion in newcomers to the field who wonder which of the many measures to use. The three of us are probably typical of attachment researchers in receiving as many as five telephone calls, letters, and e-mail messages a week from researchers who want to know either "Has anything

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The aim of this study is to establish a link between depression and a negative eating attitude in women and to investigate whether this link correlates with a preoccupation with food and body image.

Abstract The aim of this study is to establish a link between depression and a negative eating attitude in women and to investigate whether this link correlates with a preoccupation with food and body image. 50 participants from a keep fit class who were overweight and 50 university students, who were of normal weight became the participants. They completed The Beck Depression Inventory and The Eating Attitudes Test-26. A significant positive correlation was found between the questionnaires for each set of participants. A word list was also administered for memorisation, containing neutral, positive and negative mood/body image words and positive and negative food words. Better recall for food and mood/body image words was seen compared to neutral words, and better recall for negative words compared to positive word types was also seen. Correlations between inventory scores and word types recalled revealed that overweight participants had a significant positive correlation between EAT-26 and food words and between BDI and mood/body image words. The results obtained were as hypothesised, however the scores between the normal weight and overweight participants results were not as different as expected. In conclusion there is a correlation between depression and eating attitude, and memory bias is seen in participants recall. Introduction Depression is one of the most common

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Student number: 0373390

Student number: 0373390 SO2008 Assessed Task Scenario One: A child in Need An important component of the inclusion programme has been the introduction of pre-school education in order to allow children with disabilities and impediments to their learning to develop the skills that will allow them to maximise their chances of future success in the classroom. The benefit of EI on children with DS however, remains inclusive (Wishart, 1996). This in turn highlights the issue of whether it is possible or desirable to integrate children with DS into mainstream education. Within this scenario the research will be assessed to decide whether EI is effective for children with DS and what is the best course of action to follow in the case of the child in question. DS is a chromosomal disorder characterised by the presence of an extra #21 chromosome. Instead of having 46 chromosomes in each of his/her cells, a person with DS has 47. DS is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder, and also the most frequently recognised cause of physical and intellectual impairment (Selikowitz, 1990). What this means is that children with DS develop intellectually at a much slower pace than other children who do not have a learning disability (Selikowitz, 1990). However as with all children their rate of development varies considerably, with some developing more slowly and others at a faster rate.

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Envisage a feasible design or designs so as to enable the 'bathing experience' to be as easy and enjoyable as possible for an 'elderly' person.

THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF MANUFACTURING AND MECAHNICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 MASTERS PROJECT 2000 TITLE: - Bathroom Solutions For The Elderly - A 'Better' Bathtub? STUDENT HAME: - Shimon Kabir Siddiqui DEGREE PROGRAMME: - MEng Manufacturing Engineering with German SUPERVISOR: - Dr L. Nayak (Director, Centre for Applied Gerontology) MODULE CODE: - MMEM406 (0406122) Aim The aim of this project is to try to envisage a feasible design or designs so as to enable the 'bathing experience' to be as easy and enjoyable as possible for an 'elderly' person. Why is this project important? The importance of the growing proportion of 'elderly' people as part of the UK population is becoming more and more apparent all the time as the NHS is realising in terms of the shortage of available beds The initial research shows that bathroom products manufacturers are not in tune with this increasing demand. Elderly people often experience combinations of minor impairments that in sum create significant difficulties and dangers with day to day activities. These conditions include reduced back strength, dexterity, range of motion of limbs and back, balance, tolerance, and vision. A study of injuries in the elderly ranked bathtubs and showers among the six highest priority hazardous (Czaja et al., 1982). This ranking was based on the frequency, severity, cost and relative

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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DOES HAIR COLOUR, AGE, GENDER AND/OR HEIGHT RELATE TO INTELLIGENCE

DOES HAIR COLOUR, AGE, GENDER AND/OR HEIGHT RELATE TO INTELLIGENCE Abstract The purpose of this study is to discover mainly whether hair colour relates to intelligence, but also whether age, height and gender relate to intelligence too, and to discover whether the stereotypical views that blondes are less intelligent, taller people are more intelligent, older people are less intelligent and that males and females intelligence differ, are actually true or whether they are just an inaccurate conception about physical attributes and their relation to intellectual ability. This was aimed to be discovered by recording 16 males and 16 females hair colour using a hair colour chart, age and height and then by getting them to complete the National Adult Reading Test which consists of 50 not very well known words that should be read aloud by the participants and then marked by the experimenter regarding whether they have correctly pronounced the words. The IQ scores were then worked out by their answers; the NART is an accurate predictor of IQ scores. It was discovered that the hypothesis that the four physical attributes mentioned related to intelligence was not supported. There was no significant relation between height and intelligence, gender and intelligence, age and intelligence or hair colour and intelligence. The information concluded from this study could prove useful in

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Explain the importance of team building, the stages in the development of team cohesion and analyse the impact of good and poor team cohesion on the British Army, with reference to relevant theorists.

Explain the importance of team building, the stages in the development of team cohesion and analyse the impact of good and poor team cohesion on the British Army, with reference to relevant theorists. Whenever people are brought together as a team to accomplish a task, there are stages that they must go through in order to work together effectively. The forming of the team is the beginning of team dynamics and depending on how team members proceed after this initial meeting usually depends on how the team reacts to one another and how the team can overcome the conflict that will ultimately arise. Very simply team cohesion is the ability of a team to stick together during a project or an exercise. According to Adair a team is: "an energetic group of diverse individuals who are committed to achieving common objectives, who work well together, enjoy doing so, and who produce high quality results."1 Bruce Tuckman is one of the leading researchers in group development. Tuckman's model is a successive-stage theory and specifies the usual order of the phases of group development. He argues that these processes are paramount to a team's success or decline. Each stage identifies major processes that a group goes through and the characteristics demonstrated by the group and its members. The initial forming of a team involves the team members coming together, introducing one another

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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