"Critically review some of the recent findings regarding the influence of our hormonal system and/or ANS on cognition and discuss the overall implications"
Cognitive Neuroscience "Critically review some of the recent findings regarding the influence of our hormonal system and/or ANS on cognition and discuss the overall implications" 2COG609 Catherine Loveday Zukreat Majeed 00109029 "Critically review some of the recent findings regarding the influence of our hormonal system and/or ANS on cognition and discuss the overall implications" The human brain has often been closely associated with the digital computer. However, research within the field of psychendocrinology have illustrated that it is more like an endocrine gland, producing and secreting molecules of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones, which influence its own functions as well as functions of distant target organs. Research in humans and animals has shown that key brain regions involved with cognition including the cerebral cortex,? basal forebrain,? and hippocampus, all contain estrogen receptors.? Likewise there is also strong evidence which suggests that estrogen boosts a variety of brain abilities including memory (Birge 2000)? So far the mechanisms of this action and the mental processes affected by estrogen remain the subject of current investigations. However, from studies in animals and humans, it has become apparent that estrogen has substantial effects on the action of the Central nervous system (Maki et al 2001).? Previous studies have
How Do Babies Learn To Communicate Before They Can Talk?
How Do Babies Learn To Communicate Before They Can Talk? On average, children say their first word at around twelve months of age, with a range of eight to eighteen months (Berk, 2000). Nevertheless, preceding this is a period of communicative development which has led to an array of research (Keenan, 2002). Research into the phenomenon of language acquisition is grounded on the assumptions that communication is useful for all animals living in social groups, primate communication is adaptable rather than a fixed pattern and that change from infancy to adulthood requires an advanced capacity for learning. The preverbal period of infant development is hypothesised to last from birth to approximately one year, and it is primarily nonverbal communication that takes place in this period which sets the stage for language development and is characterised by the development of early communicative and cognitive abilities (Berk, 2000). These include the development of attention, gestures, gaze, turn-taking, causality, intentionality, relating to objects and the development of vocal patterns, for instance, babbling (Fogel, 1993) and, crucially, the experiencing joint attention with a social partner, which often speeds up language development (Berk, 2000). For the purpose of brevity the current piece will focus on the roles of gestures and early vocalisations to illustrate how babies
" To clone, or not to clone that is the question"
Michael Nowak Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main Institut für England- und Amerikastudien Ü Writing Skills Level I Frau Riemenschneider-Kemp SS 2003 Essay Nr. 2 " To clone, or not to clone that is the question" Cloning, what exactly is cloning? Cloning can not be seen as a definition of one specific scientific field. To give the reader an idea what cloning deals with I will give a short definition of the three major fields of cloning research. First there is DNA cloning or the so called recombinant DNA technology. This part of cloning deals with the multiplying of one and the same cell by extracting and recombining different chromosomal circular DNA molecules to make the cell more resistant against bacteria or other external influences. This technique is mostly used to develop food crops that grow faster and more resistant to environmental hazards than regular crops. Secondly we have reproductive cloning which is used to generate a new animal or organism that has the identical DNA of a current or previously existing animal. This goal is achieved through a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) where scientists excerpt genetic material out of a healthy nucleus of an adult donor cell and replace it with the DNA of the object which is to be reproduced. The newly created artificial cell is then brought to cell division through a
"Big Time" (Sports in schools and onwards)
"Big Time" Introduction Schools are introducing and encouraging students to join their sports program. It is to influence students and to improve their skills in playing, develop confidence and develop good values in sportsmanship. There are many advantages in joining sports. Sports offer many benefits to students and with sports a person would learn many things that he or she can apply and use to in real life. Not only that, but it would also make you get in good shape. You would learn the value of hardworks, discipline, teamwork, commitment, fair play, and at the same time can save the student money if one can get scholarship. And if that person becomes a superstar, there is a change he can make lots of money as a professional. There are many athletes in our world today. There are those that are classified as good athletes and the bad athletes. The good athletes are those who consign themselves to the game they're playing, at the same time keeping their good values intact and of course maintaining their academic performance and grades. The bad ones are those whose head became "big" enough to fit to a door that they would become so boastful, become so conceited and very proud. These people are usually the types who would get caught in the web of drugs, frequent partying, alcohol, sex, addiction, greed, corruption and would sooner become deprived of the education they
"Classical Piagetian theory is outdated and no longer useful."Critically evaluate this statement in relation to life-span development.
Developmental Psychology Essay Submitted to: Conor McGuckin Submitted by: Ruth Lennon Student No.: 1061022 "Classical Piagetian theory is outdated and no longer useful." Critically evaluate this statement in relation to life-span development. Life-span development is the scientific study that seeks to understand the ways in which all people change and how they do not change from conception to death. Until recently developmental psychology focused mainly on childhood and adolescence but, as a greater understanding of adult "crises" arose, developmental psychology has "enlarged to encompass the entire lifespan." (Bee & Boyd, 2003). One of the most influential theorists in the realm of development was Swiss born psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget specifically studied the cognitive development of children and adolescents. Unfortunately Piaget failed to recognise that development continued past adolescence and right the way through an individual's entire life. It is because of this omission that many criticise and question the validity of Piaget's theories. Classical Piagetian theory is a theory of cognitive development centred on adaptation, accommodation and assimilation. Unlike Locke's proposal of the "tabula rasa", Piaget believed that a child's mind is not a blank slate. "On the contrary, the child has a host of ideas about the physical and natural world, but
"Compare Grice's Conversational Maxims with Sperber and Wilson's Theory of Relevance"
"Compare Grice's Conversational Maxims with Sperber and Wilson's Theory of Relevance" This essay will compare the conversational maxims of Grice with Sperber and Wilson's Relevance theory, concluding that Grice has the more useful approach, and bodes well for the future of Natural Language Processing. The two theories attempt an analysis of language that goes beyond mere syntax or semantics - to discover the pragmatic meaning conveyed by a sentence, above and beyond the truth-conditional meaning of what is said. Crudely, pragmatics is the process of relating a sentence to the context in which it occurs, the context being either linguistic or non-linguistic. In the former, the meaning of a sentence may depend upon surrounding sentences - both preceding it and those whose meaning may be influenced by the sentence in question. So we might determine the reference of pronouns: Anthony Burgess used to avoid Monday-morning Linguistic lectures. His tutors scarcely saw him all term. Whereas non-linguistic contexts provide knowledge about the person producing the utterance, and what they wish to achieve from the communication: Has anyone seen Anthony Burgess? (a) ie, Has anybody visually perceived him? (b) A sarcastic comment that Burgess is rarely in his lectures And so on. Pragmatics, and semantics, need recourse to knowledge about the world or the domain modelled. There is,
"Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label" Becker. How have symbolic interactionists applied this idea to explain the presence of deviancy in society?
"Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label" Becker. How have symbolic interactionists applied this idea to explain the presence of deviancy in society? The definition of the word 'deviant' is explained as; (a person or thing) deviating from normal behaviour. This automatically assumes that 'normal' behaviour is the correct and appropriate actions of society; therefore those who do not conform to this are seen as deviant. The concept of deviance is a relative term, meaning its fluid rather than fixed, changeable rather than static. One can discern that the idea of what is deviant according to the above classification is continually up for reinterpretation depending on the context in which it's set in. for example in the 1950's homosexuality was viewed by the majority of society as an illness but today as a legitimate and accepted lifestyle choice. Symbolic interactionist's translation of 'deviance' is that it is socially constructed, retaining a remnant that is so central to sociologists such as Beccaria, that the social realm is 'constructed' by actors. Becker (1974 pg 51)1 argues that 'deviant action is not an unknown, mystical force but that in fact 'we see that social rules, far from being fixed and immutable, are continually constructed anew in very situation.' Deviance according to deviance and labelling theories is the non-conformity with a set of norms
"Discuss ways in which Milgram's obedience experiment could have broken current B.P.S (British Psychological Society) guidelines."
Access Psychology: Level 3: Introductory Module: Assignment For this assignment I have been asked to, "Discuss ways in which Milgram's obedience experiment could have broken current B.P.S (British Psychological Society) guidelines." I will look at Milgram's experiment, compare and discuss the ways in which he would have broken current B.P.S guidelines. Milgram would have broken a number of different guideline that is in place today, Milgram's experiment has been said to be unethical and would not have taken place based upon these grounds. The guideline that would have been broken, stopping Milgram's experiment been able to take place were: > Consent client did not give > Misleading clients > Debriefing was not appropriate > Protection of participants > Right to withdraw Although Milgram's experiment would have broken these guidelines he could have argued that his experiment was a good thing and his actions were justified, not breaking current B.P.S guideline, these were: > The methodology > Right to withdraw > Debriefed and reassured after the experiment > Protection of participants The ways in which Milgram's experiment broke current B.P.S guidelines, how he could have broken these guidelines are: Consent, client did not give: Researches are obliged, whenever possible, to obtain the informed consent of participants in a psychological study.
Is Eyewitness testimony reliable and accurate? Include case studies to back this up.
Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) essay Is Eyewitness testimony reliable and accurate? Include case studies to back this up. EWT refers to evidence supplied by people who witness a specific event or crime, relying on their own memory. Statements often include descriptions given in a criminal trial and subsequent identification by individuals who were present at the crime scene. EWT is likely to dependent on reconstructive memory(Bartlett,1932) which describes how memory is more than a passive recall. It is the active process of building up memory using fragments to fill gaps of an event in memory plus the expectations and assumptions (schema) of that event. This form of EWT is not 100% accurate as it is relying on the schema to fill in these gaps and varies from person to person. Reconstruction is not the only form of distortion in EWT as language; leading questions and post-event information may even distort reconstruction, further leading to memory to use and confabulation. Loftus and Palmer found that changing the wording of one critical question ("About how fast were the cars going when they (hit/smashed/collided/ bumped/contacted-the five conditions) each other?") posed to eyewitnesses of a car accident had a significant effect on the estimated speed of the vehicles. Loftus and Palmer found that estimated speed was influenced by the verb used. The verb implied information
Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body.
Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body. Proper nutrition means receiving enough foods and supplements for the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, although it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. All of the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain proper health. There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. They all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five major food groups. The groups are: fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, grains, and meats. A healthy diet and nutrition are important factors that help to keep our body in good health through our entire life. Food is very important to our life. Food provides nutrition for the human body's health. To stay healthy we should understand the inseparable relationship between diet and nutrition. When first starting this assignment I didn't think that I was going to learn anything new that I didn't already know about my eating habits. After writing down a days worth of food and drink and then analysing all the information and actually calculating out everything, I
