Discuss evidence which suggests cognitive development involves the child passing through a sequence of discrete developmental stages.

Effective communications Assignment 1 Task 2 b) How the communication cycle is used to communicate in difficult, complex and sensitive issues When working with people that may find it difficult to communicate due to a specific problem such as a hearing impairment the communication cycle can be used to communicate difficult, complex and sensitive issues. For instance if an health worker was trying to communicate with an individual that was death or had a hearing impairment by using the communication cycle they will be able to pick up on the persons body language and verbal response to their thoughts. By doing this they may notice that the person is having difficulties hearing them and will be able to ask them to turn their hearing aid on or they can talk a little louder so they can hear them. By using the communication cycle health workers are able to recognize communication barriers and do something to tackle it to make patients feel their needs are being met and to make them feel more at ease. Sensitive issues can be dealt with if a patient needs help but is embarrassed to talk to a health professional not of the same sex and has difficulties communicating due to a language barrier. In a care setting it is vital that health professionals respect the patient's wishes in order to help them. In order to help patients in this situation, the patient's needs must be taken

  • Word count: 1928
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Theory - Human memory has fascinated philosophers and thinkers for hundreds of years.

Following an earlier research by Craik and Tulving ( 1975), an experiment was designed to explore the "levels of processing" framework for human memory. It was hypothesised that the durability of the memory trace would be a positive function of the "depth" of processing, where depth referred to "greater degrees of semantic involvement"(Craik and Tulving, 1975). Twenty eight subjects were induced to process words to different depths: shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about a word's typescript, while deep encodings were induced by asking whether a word would fit into a given category. Deeper encodings were found to be associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test than shallow ones. This result was tested using Student's unrelated t-test and found to be significant. The experiment's result appears to support Craik and Tulving's theory that retention depends critically on the qualitative nature of the encoding operations. The broader implications of these results as well as suggestions for further research are finally considered. Introduction Theory Human memory has fascinated philosophers and thinkers for hundreds of years. A variety of metaphors, often of a special nature, have been used to try and capture the way memory works. Memory has been frequently thought of as a mental space in the brain: Aristotle talked of the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Resting ECG and Heart Rate

Resting ECG and Heart Rate INTRODUCTION The electrocardiogram or ECG plays an essential role in diagnosing heart diseases. It measures the electrical activity if the heart and is the stimulus for cardiac contraction. 'It is a good way of evaluating sporting participants before competition to detect and abnormalities thus preventing sudden death or progression of disease.' (Swallow et al 2007) The method was first developed by William Einthoven from Leiden but later modified by Augustus Waller who applied it to man. Nowadays, a traditional ECG consists of twelve leads. The standard readings are at 12mm/second. An electrocardiogram or ECG is a functional diagnostic exercise test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The electrical impulses are made while the heart is beating with the hearts rhythm. It provides a method of examining the heart rate during a range of physical activities and stress testing. Electrocardiograms assess if patients have had heart attacks of suspected coronary artery disease. The standard ECG uses ten cables to obtain twelve electrical views of the heart. There are three limb leads, three uni-polar leads and six chest leads. For an improved reading the electrodes are placed onto the torso to replace those that are usually placed onto the ankles and wrists. This should minimise any limb interference during the exercise. METHOD A

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The study carried out is based on the theories of schema. It focuses on the recent Asian tsunami.

Introduction Background research The study carried out is based on the theories of schema. It focuses on the recent Asian tsunami. It aims to find out if Asians or non-Asians will be more aware and have a better understanding of the incident because of a schema that relate to the area involved. All human beings possess categorical rules or scripts that they use to interpret the world. New information is processed according to how it fits into these rules, called schema. These schemas can be used not only to interpret but also to predict situation occurring in our environment. Information that does not fit into these schemas may not be comprehended, or may not be comprehended correctly. The learner in schema theory actively builds schema and revises them in light on new information. Each individual's schema is unique and depended on that individual's experiences and cognitive processes. Schemas are meaning-driven and networks of propositions are actively constructed by the learner. When we are asked to recall a story that we were told, we are able to reconstruct the meaning of the story, but usually not the exact sentences that we are told but the story is remembered by actively constructing a meaningful representation of the story in our memory. This theory can be tested in the levels of culture and understanding of the cultures surroundings. The study tries to find out

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Managing People and Performance

Assignment #2 Managing People and Performance Submitted to: Prof. N.M. Agrawal PGSEM 2005 Section B Names: Vikas Agarwal (2005115) I believe that everyone is born in this world for some specific purpose. Career in my sense is a path that a person takes to reach his final goal in life. For a career, it is important for everyone to identify one's current position and one's goal in life. Simply speaking, career is like a road and goal is like a destination. For example, If someone wants to go from IIM-B to Electronics City, he/she has to first understand his current location and his/her destination. Career identification in my sense is an ongoing process and one keeps on refining one's career based on his/her exposure in the world. Goal plays a very important role in framing someone's career. Sometime goals are very simple and people feel complacent after achieving them. Sometime goals are very difficult to achieve and people feel frustrated. It becomes very important to revise the goals once someone reaches near completion. Also the hard goals should be broken down into smaller and simpler milestones. Therefore, it becomes very important to identify the right goal. Goal identification can by following one or more of the following factors/methods: * God Gifted Abilities * Available opportunities, information and options * Current situation * Advice from well

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Nucleic acid hybridization

NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDISATION ANALYSIS Nucleic acid hybridisation is a process whereby a DNA or RNA strand forms an ordered series of hydrogen bonds with its complement, creating a duplex structure1. It is one of the backbones of biology2 and ever since it has became one of the important molecular techniques in molecular biology. According to the hybridisation theory, double-stranded DNA can be denatured into two single strands of complementary sequence by heating or treatment with alkali or other helix destabilising agents (e.g. formamide)3. The complementary strands will reassociate to reform a duplex structure3. Hybridisation of nucleic acid occurs not only between single-stranded DNA molecules but also between RNA molecules of complementary sequence and produce DNA-RNA hybrids3. Fig 1 below shows an example of hybridisation between nucleic acid. Fig 1: Filter hybridisation establishes whether a solution of denatured DNA (or RNA) contains sequences complementary to the strands immobilized on the filter4 DNA preparation is denatured and the single strands are adsorbed to a filter. A second denatured DNA (or RNA) preparation is added. The second preparation can adsorb to it only if it is able to base pair with the DNA that was originally adsorbed. Usually the second preparation is radioactively labelled, so that the reaction can be measured as the amount

  • Word count: 4908
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Due to excessive whaling, many species of whale are near extinction.

By Ashlee Booth Due to excessive whaling, many species of whale are near extinction. Australia is opposed to whaling, but it is a Japanese tradition to eat whale meat, and taking whale consumption away from their culture would devastate the whole nation and economy. But do we, as one species have the right to kill off another species? Whales have a right to freedom just as much as we do, shouldn't they live normal lives the way mother nature intended them to? On the other hand, shouldn't Japan have the right to eat what they want to eat? This proposed sanctuary might give the whales' back their freedom, but what about Japans culture? Will a sanctuary help? If the proposed Southern Pacific Whale Sanctuary does go ahead, this would give the whales the much-needed time to repopulate. The population of whales have decreased immensely over the past generation. Estimated numbers as of the year 1997 show that the Blue Whales' original level was at 228,000 and in 1997 the Blue Whales' population was at is 11,700. That is a decrease of 216,300, that's 95%. As for the Humpback whale, their original population was 115,000 and now there are only approximately 10,000 left. That's a 91% decrease. Also for the Right Whale, there original level was 100,000, and now, there is only 3200, that's 96% of the population gone. It is clearly evident, just from viewing the population decreases in

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Animals in Captivity - Should or Should Not Be Kept.

Animals in Captivity - Should or Should Not Be Kept P4 Should Animals can be kept in captivity for many reasons for the benefit of themselves or us humans. Here are some points as to why it's good to keep animals in captivity. * Captive breeding programs Captive breeding preserves endangered species from extinction. Breeding in captivity removes the treats that would normally prevent breeding in the wild or the survival of the young. It may be the only chance for that species to survive. Captive breeding plays a significant role in conserving species. Reintroduction is the ultimate goal of every captive-breeding program. Once the level of species in captivity has reached a sustainable high some can be introduced into the wild. * Educational purposes Having animals in captivity for education and research gives people a greater understanding of how they develop, breed, live and would act in the wild. Mission statement from Paignton Zoo: Our mission is to create an awareness and appreciation of the natural world and to motivate and enable people of all ages to respect and care for our environment. * Scientific research Animals are sometimes kept in captivity for science purposes. They are used to test products, such as medication, on that might otherwise harm humans. * Sanctuaries Sanctuaries are set up for wild animals that have been rescued or injured and are

  • Word count: 1071
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Trace the development of one major sport for people with a physical disability from an historical perspective and give a succinct analysis of the fitness requirements for this sport.

Trace the development of one major sport for people with a physical disability from an historical perspective and give a succinct analysis of the fitness requirements for this sport. It is only in recent years that organised sport has been available for people with physical disabilities. In fact it was the two World Wars that brought about the first major change in attitude towards disabled people and sport. Due to the amount of soldiers who had lost limb's etc in the Wars, the amount of physically disabled people in Britain dramatically rose in the latter half of the 20th Century. Increases in life expectancy for disabled people also improved during this period which meant many had to learn adaptive lifestyles, increasing the need for some kind of disabled physical activity. The main drive behind disabled sport came from Stoke Mandeville hospital founded by the neurologist, "Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1944, often considered the father of wheelchair sports" (Winnick, J. 1990). Sir Ludwig Guttmann believed sport was a vital part in establishing rehabilitation and adapted lifestyles for the permanently disabled. In 1948 the first sports competition for the disabled was held at Stoke Mandeville, it consisted of 14 ex-service personnel competing in an archery competition. The Stoke Mandeville games became international in 1952 when a team entered from Holland and

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Conformity on Social Deviancy Using Crossing Methods.

TITLE Conformity on Social Deviancy Using Crossing Methods. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine if any conformity on social deviancy would occur whilst instigating an unsafe crossing at a pedestrian crossing. A small group of psychology students from Magee Campus, University of Ulster used the aid of unsuspecting pedestrians to complete the study. The students waited and crossed at a green light/ red man and recorded how many, if any, males, females and groups proceeded to cross with them. A sample of 100 pedestrians was used and although individuals were categorised into gender, age was not recorded. With the use of SPSS we analysed the data and this was interpreted using a one way ANOVA, as there was a dependant variable and independent variable with 3 or more levels. Our findings revealed through a homogeneity of variance test, Lev (2, 97) = 3.038 p>.05 our results were significant. We further found using the ANOVA table that F(2, 97)=41.544 p<.05 therefore the null hypothesis was rejected as a result. Introduction When we find ourselves in groups we inevitably find ourselves in the minority, we often feel uncomfortable in these situations so we generally seek out groups with interests somewhat similar to our own. None of us are immune to social influences and most instances to conformity are beneficial to all of us. Many scientists have researched on

  • Word count: 1751
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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