Within the context or headings the writer includes questionnaires that was used to provide biographical and demographical details such as (location type of industry, age and gender), and some information about their work life and working pattern, such as hours of working, job satisfaction. Intention to quit and manpower requirement, they were also asked to identify potential sources of stress at work. Results heading contains the replies of the questionnaire based on lifestyle of Chief Executives Official in different countries across the world. His finding shows that on average 10.8 hours was being completed each day by the CEO and two third of the sample worked between 9.5 and 12.5, approximately 65 of CEOs in Great Britain and in Scandinavia the length of working day was acceptable and only 5 per cent indicated that the hours were “far too much”. Job satisfaction is another heading looked at whereby, a high proportion overall still believes that there are many conditions about the job that could be improved. This was more of an issue in other EEC countries than in Great Britain. The remaining headings within the article is as follows; the future for business, Health and well-being, psychological well-being, Identifying stress, Stress and age, perceptions of stress among the spouse/partners of CEOs, The changing of stress 1984 and 1990, Spouse/partner respondents – the sample, Match/mismatch in the perception of stress, the impact of a CEO lifestyle; spouse/partner perceptions
The intention of the author as indicated by their introduction is to analyse the role of executives managers, the author expressed within the introduction that; chief executive is likely to be high and so it is necessary to understand these pressure and commitments in order to make decision about how to overcome or what rewards they should receive in exchange for this way of life. By collecting relevant information necessary the author produce questionnaire, which enable their feedback to be effective. The writer does not develop a negative or positive argument under any circumstances, because his main object as established above is to get feedback and responses of the CEOs about their lifestyle and to underline whether stress is an issue and if so what are the courses and the effects if there is any. The writer focuses result based on statistics, however, the writer does not evaluate the situation by suggesting a possible solution to their problems. Argument are developed by relies. Harry. M (1975) gives an ideal solution of how managerial problems are developed, the course and how to deal with such peculiar situation. The result shows that a large percentage of CEOs are not happy about their current situation, when asked “what would encourage you not to leave top management”, it was responded by others that, more leisure time was the most requested solution, other form of encouragement was demand more money, gaining more autonomy, the opportunity for early retirement, additional perks/ benefits, less interference by the government, hour being more flexible.
The author’s also stated in their introduction that; benefits and perks of the job are indeed, only equitable with the demand on them, but stress involves itself with a whole lot of health problems which could have serious effects on individuality. T.G. P Rogers, director of personnel. The plessey company Ltd cited in Harry. M (1975); argues in relation to this article say; “There are undoubtedly stressed individuals on the shop floor and in the general office. But among the trouble comes most often from sources in private life – family, money, neighbours, anxieties and conflicts remote from the jobs. This writer believes that stress is caused by the condition of work afflicts those who have special working responsibility, in particular responsibility for managing other people. The writer here also emphasize his points stating that stress is not simply just developed at work, but there is no denying that senior managers are under continual pressure and strains and the only possible solution is to reduce working hours other then enforcing additional benefits.
The key concept of this article is the Chief Executive lifestyle stress. Harry. M (1975) relates his theory similar to this issue; Harry believes stress in management is the question of performance. A person in a well-paid job justifies his position and derives personal satisfaction. Managerial stress is more of a “catch-all” it may influence certain stages, between life outside and life inside the organisation that might put pressure on manager (chief executive) family problems, life crisis, financial difficulties, conflict of personal beliefs with those of the conflict of company with family demands I. T Robertson and C. L Cooper (1983) P146. The area, which has received most research interest here, is that of the manager’s relationship with his or her spouse and family.
The finding of the conclusion is that the author’s indicates the threats and harmful measure in which chief executives are likely to face. It is expressed that executive are likely to acknowledge the pressure of work related to travel and interpersonal relationships of organisation life at the top, then they did 1984. Although most of his relies are requested by individual’s better quality of life, incentive and working hours reduced. Nevertheless, monetary, rewards are not enough. It is important that corporate human source policies change to help executive at all levels to cope with demands of work and family life’s. The writer emphasizes his conclusion relating to the data and his findings when carried out his survey (questionnaire).
The theoretical frame in which the author referenced within relates to the same concepts involving stress issues and its influences, they are different sources in which they used to analyse the health risk and critical problems to the body. The use of numerous referencing ideally was not convenient in this context because the writer focused his work on reviews and responses towards chief executive lifestyle and only briefly concluded his main ideas to the causes and ways of prevention. Although the author made very good use of the referencing, however, it was not necessary to conduct a lot of theory from other writers if your emphasizing your work on survey. The author main audience is simply top executive managerial level, of all race, gender and from seven different countries.
My own biases or expectation of this article relies on the lifestyles of executives involving stress and it’s impacts. The author findings were my main expectation, in reading other theories such as Wall street journal and stress in police force I have came across to believe that offering managers or workers more money and more control (autonomy) does not simply reduce the problem under any circumstances. People need certain amount of stress to perform at their best. But too much stress produces many negative effects. Therefore, many people look for ways to better manage the stress in their lives. It should be advised within the article for individuals to practice relaxation techniques, such as various form of meditation. H. Miller (1975) P47-50; thinking about stressful things in a different way can also reduce stress. For example, people can reduce stress by accepting event or workload as they are, rather than as they would like them to be. The effect to the body main result in a critical stage, docotor’s believes that several kind of illness may be caused be prolonged or repeated period of stress. Disease to the stomach and intestines, such as duodenal ulcers and colitis, are all often linked to stress. Stress also suppresses the body’s ability to fight of disease. Such diverse illnesses as flu, herpes simplex, and some kinds of cancer have been shown to be affected by stress.
This article relates to other journal discovered was; journal of psychometrc evaluation of the occupational stress indicator by Kenneth D Lyne, Paul Barrett, Christine Williams, Keith Coaley, June 2000. Within this article the writer also express similar scale of analysis, by using statistics to evaluate the main cause and how can stress among different social group could be reduced Taking an ‘inner vacation’; How to relax when you’re chained to your desk by Sue Shellenbarger Oct 9, 2003, and an abstract from the guardian home page newspaper a issue based on stress, Police United Kingdom UK, written by Rebecca Allison. The Wall Street Journal whereby, the writer emphasizes his main issue relating to stress and the causes and effects it implies at work and at home.
When challenging point from any other work it can be complicated because readers or analyst sometime isn’t aware of the message or facts the writer is trying to put across, other people’s work are often left to be criticised by individuals they feel that they can make vital changes or fill in gaps or emphasize on specific issues differently which is either been left out by the writer. Although, there are gaps that can be filled within this piece of work, this does not mean that the work and the findings of the author is valueless, but rather that it may need to recalculated around new solution. Whilst this paper may not have unearthed the definitive solution (for example the author did not relate his issues on the possibility of redundancy). It indicates most of the work that needs to be done, and which I believe should be done on the extensive data held by the test author. Such a re-analysis would undoubtedly stimulate further research.
Bibliography
K. D Lyne, P. T Barrett, C. Williams and K. Coaley. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology. Leicester June (2000)
S. Shellenbarger. Wall Street Journal: How to Relax When You’re Chained to Your Desk. (Eastern edition) Oct 9,(2003).
R. Allison. Article from Guardian newspaper; Stress Police in United Kingdom. Manchester. Aug 28, (2003).
H. Miller. Management and the Working Environment, (1975). Published in U.K 1st Edition
I. T Robertson and C. L Cooper. Human Behaviour in Organisations, (1983). Published in Great Britain 1st Edition
J. Arnald, C. L Cooper and I. T Robertson. Work Psychology understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, (1998). Published in Great Britain 3rd Edition