Economic assignment
British American Tobacco (BAT), a large international company, claims to be the leading tobacco group in the world. BAT has been in existence for over 100 years and trades through 180 outlets worldwide, employing over 85,000 people globally. The information in this essay has been obtained via BAT's large website with additional information from the Action on Smoking and Health web site (ASH). A PESTLE analysis has been undertaken, raising questions of how external influences can directly affect BAT. The change in social tolerances of smoking has been examined in this essay. The essay also informs the reader of what BAT believes their responsibilities are within this environment and how they are addressing these issues. Also shown is how changes in the social environment in the next 5 - 10 years may affect BAT. A PESTLE analysis has been undertaken which highlights issues that face BAT both now and in the future. Political * What effects would a change of Government have on BAT? * Does membership of the European Union affect BAT? * What restrictions does the EU place on the tobacco industry? * Does the Single Currency have a positive or negative effect on BAT? * Are there any government involvement/activities that affect BAT? * Does the public have an influence on the government regarding tobacco? * Government support of tobacco products versus health issues.
Migration - Sassen-Koob argues that the decline of manufacturing in the first world and the growth of low paid service sector jobs has resulted in a flow of migrants from the third world to take up these unwanted jobs.
Nazia Kosar. Sassen-Koob argues that the decline of manufacturing in the first world and the growth of low paid service sector jobs has resulted in a flow of migrants from the third world to take up these unwanted jobs. How much does this model really reveal about the process of migration? Sassen-Koob's model expresses three new migration flows, that are "associated with world-wide trends in the recomposition of capital" 1, first to oil exporting countries, (in the Gulf), secondly too new industrial zones producing for the world market (like the East) and lastly, to large urban areas in the developed countries. This change in labour flows is as a result of fast industrialising countries or regions, a switch from manufacturing to service industries and of the immigrant population on whose labours they are founded. Furthermore, this results in a change in the nature of the middle class, which makes its living from both of these, because this produces a two-tiered service economy. One, well-paid managerial jobs in the service sector, needing a high level of training, and the other, low wage jobs in the same sector, requiring no training. (Sassen-Koob: 1983) Migration is more of a recent phenomenon in anthropology as earlier work focused on the anthropology of emigration, which tended to understand migration as an external force - a push factor which would inevitably lead to a
How do the economic texts on slavery differ from the narratives on slavery, and why is it important to analyse this?
Claire Wyatt AFRAS Pam Shaw No. of words approx: 1300 How do the economic texts on slavery differ from the narratives on slavery, and why is it important to analyse this? In the introduction to his book Did Slavery Pay? (1971: xii), a collection of readings on the economic effects of slavery, Hugh G. J. Aitken discusses what we can learn from these texts. He says they 'have much to tell us about slavery, and about the plantation economy, and the South, but they have little to tell us about the black man' (1971: xii). To get a fuller understanding of the subject the narratives on slavery are extremely useful. They paint a vivid picture of what life was like for black men, women and children at the time. However it is important to keep in mind the differences between and the limitations of both these kinds of sources. Both types raise questions of bias and reliability. Everyone who gives an account of history does so with a purpose. We must carefully analyse each source and make clear what we can and cannot learn from it. The economic accounts of slavery are presented as objective. 'Facts' and figures are used to analyse the profitability of slavery. Ernest Williams, for example in From Columbus to Castro: the history of the Caribbean, 1492-1969 (1970) provides a lot of numerical data detailing the rise and fall of slavery. How accurate these figures are is an important
What are Fordism and Post-fordism? Compare and contrast the working and production arrangements typical to each.
What are Fordism and Post-fordism? Compare and contrast the working and production arrangements typical to each. Fordism and Post-fordism are key concepts in industrial/organisational development as they have had a large impact on universal organisational practices and still do in the contemporary era. In the USA between 1880 and 1910 the rapid industralisation period produced the early large organisations whereby Ford (motor company) was one of them. (Huczynski & Buchanan 2001:414). They are types of job design which involve both the workers and managemtn - workers how they carry out work procedures and managemtent of how they deisgn and organise tasks. The two concepts are often misunderstood and this paper seeks to address detailed definitions before providing comparisons and distinctions between them. fordism was first obviously so need 2 concentrate on how this developed first. I will alos focus on Tayllors scientific mgt principles as they were highly influential to how Fordism developed. Thorough definitions of the two types of work production are required before identifiying and analysisng similarities and differences between them. Any anylisis of Post-fordism cannot be made without considering Fordism first, then the two modes of production can be compared. Fordism is a form of industrial production was born developed from F.W. Taylor's scientific
Sources of financial pressure for the nhs
Economic Policy 0528431 Due: 9th May 08 What are the main sources of the financial pressures on the National Health Service in the UK? How might governments seek to deal with these pressures? The National Health Service (NHS) is the "publicly funded healthcare system in the UK". It is the healthcare provider for the majority of people that reside in the UK. Created due to intervention from the government in healthcare markets, it was established in 1948 to provide free and basic healthcare for the poor and underprivileged people of Britain. It is considered the biggest establishment in Europe and is referred to by the World Health Organisation as "one of the best health services in the world". The cost of the NHS was much higher than expected and certain measures had to be enforced to deal with its cost escalation. The NHS is funded largely by general taxes and national insurance payments. It is widely acknowledged that the NHS is in dire need of funding and financial investment because at the end of each financial year the organisation is in multi-million dollar arrears with each year's figure steadily rising. The financial year ending in 2006 saw the NHS in a £512 million deficit, which is more than double the figure of 2005. (www.nehl.nhs.uk). If this figure is not enough to convince one of the NHS' shortfalls, one would only have to take a walk through a
Capital Asset Pricing model
Corporate Financial Policy Coursework 2008 Q1. By Ravi Waghela Q1a) Portfolio management is the process of managing assets of a mutual fund, including choosing and monitoring appropriate investments and allocating funds accordingly. A mutual fund is an open-ended fund managed by an investment company which raises money from shareholders and invests in a group of assets. Mutual funds raise money by selling shares to the public. 1 In return for the money, shareholders receive an equity position in the fund and, in effecting each of its underlying securities. Investors often hold more shares in more than one company and there are two approaches to portfolio management. The two types are: * Active * Passive Maximising the expected utility of the excess return over a chosen benchmark is known as active portfolio management, whilst passive portfolio management just tracks the benchmark. The simplest example of passive management is the index fund that is designed to replicate exactly a well-defined index of common stock, such as S&P 500.The fund buys each stock in the index in exactly the proportion it represents the index. If J.P. Morgan Chase represents 3% of the index, the fund places 3% of its money in J.P. Morgan Chase stock. Passive portfolio management involves a buy and hold strategy that is buying a portfolio of securities and holding them for a long period
Fordism and post-Fordism
Nick Holmes Student No. 0312103 Question 1 The terms Fordism and post-Fordism refer to different methods of work organisation. Fordism is the mass production of goods in highly developed economies during the 1940's - 1960's. Economies of scale were produced by spreading fixed expenses, especially investments in plant and equipment and the organization of production lines, over larger volumes of output, thereby reducing unit costs. Henry Ford opened the Highland Park Plant in 1913. This was the first mechanised factory, and made more than 200000 cars in its first year. The new factory removed wasted time that occurred from moving between jobs and allowed the pace of work to be remotely controlled. Fordism is a very rigid process, compared to the flexibility of post-Fordism. Post-Fordism is just small batch production, and also includes the global market. The role of labour in the 2 systems is very different. Fordism allows the worker to concentrate on just one simple task, where as post-Fordism workers are expected to carry out multiple tasks. Fordism allows workers to specialise. Under Fordism, workers found their responsibilities diminishing. Assembly line work is unpleasant in a mass production environment. It is physically demanding, requires high levels of concentration, and can be excruciatingly boring. As a consequence, Ford experienced very high labor
Discuss the differences between Fordist and Post-Fordist work.
Essay Title: Discuss the differences between Fordist and Post-Fordist work. This essay will focus on the differences between fordist work and post-fordist work. To make the statement clear, I will first present a general definition on both fordism and post-fordism which will involve the back ground of emergence of these two systems. Questions such as how do two systems work in different period, and how do systems developed economics in different ways will be also explained in the essay. Economic change driven by technology change, labour practice change, industrial organization change and market demand change in consumption patterns. Although there are conflicts between fordist work and post-fordist work, however, they may exist in the same society. Therefore, I will give some examples to support this point in the end. Fordism takes its name from Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer at the turn of the 20th century. The concept itself describes a particular form of economic process based on the idea of a production line. Henry Ford was the first person using the assembly line-the ultimate embodiment of division of labour theory. Ford set up plants in the USA and Britain at the start of the twentieth century to manufacture the Model 'T' Ford. The poster of his company is 'you can have any colour you like, so long as it is black'. This summarizes quite well what Fordist
Marketing Management
Class: Bachelor of Business Administration - BABA3 Module: Marketing Management (MKT3001DL) MARKETING MANAGEMENT Outline and critically evaluate the ways an organization may differentiate their product to achieve a sustainable competitive advantages. Illustrate your answers with examples NAME 0910562 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BA (Honors) Business Studies TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract..............................................................................................................4 Introduction..........................................................................................4 Definition of Differentiation.......................................................................5 Differentiation Variables * Product Differentiation o Definition of Product Differentiation..........................................6 o Ways to Differentiate............................................................7 o Case.................................................................................................9 * Service Differentiation o Definition of Service Differentiation..........................................9 o Ways to Differentiate............................................................9 o Case...............................................................................................11 *
Marketing Management
Class: Bachelor of Business Administration MARKETING MANAGEMENT Outline and critically evaluate the ways an organization may differentiate their product to achieve a sustainable competitive advantages. Illustrate your answers with exampl Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BA (Honors) Business Studies BA (Honors) Business Administration Bolton Business School The University of Bolton Course / Programme: BA (Hons) Business Administration Module: Marketing Management (MKT3001DL) Assignment Number: One of Two (50% of final mark) Assignment Title: Report - Differentiation Assignment Length: 2500 Words TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract Introduction Definition of Differentiation Differentiation Variables . Product Differentiation * Definition * Ways of Product Differentiation * Examples 2. Service Differentiation * Service Differentiation * Ways of Service Differentiation * Examples 3. Personnel Differentiation * Personnel Differentiation * Ways of Personnel Differentiation * Examples 4. Channel Differentiation * Channel Differentiation * Ways of Channel Differentiation * Examples 5. Image Differentiation * Image Differentiation * Ways of Image Differentiation * Examples Conclusion References Further reading ABSTRACT In competitive market, the competitors always appear and