To what extent has the labour market been feminized?

To what extent has the labour market been feminized? "Feminization" of labour refers to the rapid and substantial increase in the share of women in paid employment. The term is also used to describe the changing nature of employment, where irregular conditions that were once thought to be the hallmark of women's secondary employment have become widespread for both sexes.1 (U.N. General Assembly, 1999, cited in Maclean, H et al (2004)) Between 1851 and 1951 there was little change in the proportion of women entering paid work. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, economic growth created expansion in employment, an expansion met in the U.K. first by seeking Commonwealth workers and then by recruiting women. (Bilton, Bonnett, Jones etc, 2002, p.143) Since then there has been a large increase in women's participitation and the gender gap in employment rates is diminishing. While this is mainly due to the growing employment of women, it is also substantially due to the declining employment of men. Between 1984 and 1999, the proportion of women in the labour market increased from 66% to 72%. Whereas the proportion of men who ere economically active declined from 88% to 84%.2 This essay aims to show that although women have made an impact on the labour market, it does not mean that they have completely taken it over. The Employment Secretary (1980) commented that the 1990s would be

  • Word count: 2140
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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The DAG Group.

The DAG Group In 1990 Chris Hackett and Val Rayzman, MBA classmates, formed a partnership called the DAG Group with the intention of entering the mature $4 billion U.S. drycleaning market. They believe there's an opportunity to build a chain of upscale drycleaning stores to transform an otherwise sleepy, fragmented and undifferentiated industry. To address Hindle's discovery questions, extensive market research was undertaken and a business strategy for DAG was developed based on economy of scales (larger than average for the industry), and attracting and retaining heavy using customers. Chris and Val investigations outlined the following options for them to enter the market: ) Buy Dynasty Cleaners 2) Buy Superb Cleaners 3) Start their own DAG superstore from scratch This document analyses the opportunity, these options and other industry alternatives, and will concluded with a recommendation based on this work. As a management team, Chris and Val present reasonably well. Both are free agents, well educated and are now recognised industry experts through their research. Their backgrounds of finance and sales are a good mix. However, neither possesses a track record in running a business or have much work experience in the drycleaning industry reducing their chance of profiting from the experience curve. The business strategy attempts to appeal to high-usage cliental and

  • Word count: 1906
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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This report analyses the financial position of Marks & Spencer, one of the UK's leading retailers of clothing, foods, home ware and financial services, serving 10 million customers a week in over 300 UK stores.

Applied Financial Skills Financial Analysis: Marks & Spencer Submitted to: Charles Sandilands Leeds Metropolitan University Business School Submitted by: Craig Slater Date of submission: 23rd January 2003 Introduction This report analyses the financial position of Marks & Spencer, one of the UK's leading retailers of clothing, foods, home ware and financial services, serving 10 million customers a week in over 300 UK stores. The Company also trades in 30 countries worldwide, and has a Group turnover in excess of £8 billion. Firstly, the financial analysis will outline Marks & Spencer's current financial position. Furthermore we will discuss the method in which the company makes financial decisions. The analysis will involve the evaluation of common accounting statements such as balance sheets, profit and loss accounts and cash flow statements. The Accounting Cycle Traditionally businesses operate on a twelve-month cycle which may be the same as the calendar year January to December or perhaps the same as the Tax year, 6 April of one year to the 5 of April of the next year. Alternatively, some businesses operate from the date the business first began to trade, for example 1 July of one year to the 30 June the next year. During the twelve-month period the business receives many documents of a financial nature which have to be entered in the books of account using

  • Word count: 2865
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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OUTLINE OF BUSINESS PLAN - opening a caf.

OUTLINE OF BUSINESS PLAN My business idea is opening a café. I will be opening my café in Greenwich. It will be situated in the town centre near the Cutty Sark to attract as many potential customers as possible. My café will provide a view to the river and the city. The town centre is a popular area, has a wide number of attractions that attract tourists from different parts of the country. It also has good transport links which makes it easier for people living in the area, and tourists to travel in and out of Greenwich easily. I have a capital of £35,000 which I will use to open my café. I will invest this money in the business rather than leaving it in the bank. The financial sources I got my capital were from, friends, family, and personal savings. My legal status will be a sole trader, where I will be responsible for the business, take all the profits, and I will be personally liable for all the debts in my business. I need to inform the Inland Revenue that I am a sole trader, within 3 months of opening my business. The products I will be providing in my café are organic products and non-organic products. I will have freshly made organic sandwiches, with hot and cold beverages. As non-organic products I will offer pastries, cakes, muffins, cookies, soups and salads. This is a wide range of products to meet consumer tastes and preferences. I will be renting the

  • Word count: 17144
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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How successful has the Single European Market been so far?

How successful has the Single European Market been so far? Europe has, over the last fifty years made a major advancement with regards to integration. This assignment will consider the success of the 1992 programme by assessing two angles: . The extent to which the Single Market programme is in place. 2. The extent to which the Single Market programme has brought successful results. "The single market is often more honoured in rhetoric than in reality" Gordon Brown, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, May 2003. http://www.skovgaard.org/europe/eumarket.htm This statement, by the Chancellor, reflects the views of the Labour government. The view is that there can never be a Single European Market in terms of what the founders are expecting to achieve. Although many of the policy provisions for the SEM may be in place, the extent to how successful these provisions have been implemented in terms of the results and outcomes predicted is merely European propaganda. Primarily, it should be noted that the completion of the internal market was predicted for 1992. Although there are many policy areas that have been introduced effectively, many more remain outstanding, meaning the completion of the SEM could continue for many years to come and may in effect never meet completion. Moreover, it must also be emphasised that the economics implications of the Single European

  • Word count: 2516
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Lester Electronics Benchmarking

Running head: BENCHMARKING FOR LESTER ELECTRONICS, INC. Benchmarking for Lester Electronics, Inc. Learning Team E S. Burrell, A. Ghotbi, P. Mahlmeister, D. Tolley, D. White University of Phoenix - MBA/540 April 11, 2007 Lester Electronics, Inc. Lester Electronics, Inc., (LEI) a publicly-held organization, is an electronics parts distributor which markets its products to small- and medium-sized original equipment manufacturers (OEM), repair facilities, and small local distributors throughout the Americas and Europe. The company has a 65-year contract with Shang-wa Electronics, a small private Korean manufacturer of capacitors, under which it has been given exclusive rights to sell Shang-wa capacitors in the United States (US). Based on the terms of the contract, LEI must purchase at least $1 million wholesale from Shang-wa annually. For 35 years this agreement, which must be renewed annually, has worked well for both organizations. However, due to the surge of globalizing in the recent years, LEI and Shang-wa have been approached by two large electronics equipment manufacturers and distributors, Transnational Electronics Corporation (TEC) and Avral Electronics, respectively, for potential acquisitions. If Shang-wa were to be acquired by TEC, LEI would lose 43% of its revenues in the next five years and Shang-wa's owner would ultimately lose control over his

  • Word count: 5470
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Using a spreadsheet package prepare a profit and cash budget for the company for each of the six months from July 2000 to December 2000 and a balance sheet at that date.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN COURSE ASSIGNMENT Requirements: a) Using a spreadsheet package prepare a profit and cash budget for the company for each of the six months from July 2000 to December 2000 and a balance sheet at that date. . Firstly, we are beginning by finding the budgeted stock of the six months from July to December 2000. As we can see from the Balance Sheet at 30 June 2000 the opening stock for the raw materials is 100 units, so by adding the information given, we get the closing stock for each month and of course, the year end closing stock RAW MATERIALS July August September October November December Opening Stock 00 10 20 40 60 90 Purchase 210 220 230 240 250 250 (Production) (200) (210) (210) (220) (220) (220) Closing Stock 10 20 40 60 90 220 2. Then, we continue by calculating the budgeted stock for finished goods beginning with 50 units as in Balance Sheet at 30 June 2000. FINISHED GOODS July August September October November December Opening Stock 50 50 55 55 60 60 Production 200 210 210 220 220 220 (Sales) (200) (205) (210) (215) (220) (225) Closing Stock 50 55 55 60 60 55 3. After calculating the stock for the six months, we continue by presenting the sales figures and it's costs. July August September October November December TOTAL SALES 20000 20500 21000 21500

  • Word count: 2943
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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We suggest Destin Brass Products implement two recommendations to solve its current predicament. First, Destin should implement an activity-based cost (ABC) accounting system. Second, Destin should raise the price for its flow controllers so that the...

Destin Brass Products has a predicament in that it currently is being forced to sell its pumps at a lower profit margin in order to stay competitive in the pump sales market. Pump sales are important to the company's success because they sell more pumps (12,500) than their two other products, and consequently pump sales are the primary driver for Destin's revenues. We suggest Destin Brass Products implement two recommendations to solve its current predicament. First, Destin should implement an activity-based cost (ABC) accounting system. Second, Destin should raise the price for its flow controllers so that they do not incur a loss on every flow controller sold. The central question of the Destin case centers on the cost of pums. As Manufacturing Manager John Scott states, "It really is amazing to me that our competitors keep reducing prices on pumps. Even though our manufacturing process is better than theirs, I truly do not believe we are less efficient or cost effective." Consequently, Destin must cut its prices to stay competitive. By doing this they remain competitive but reduce their profit margin from the targeted 35% to only 22%. The key difference between the three costing systems is how overhead costs are allocated. Under the traditional cost accounting method, overhead costs are applied to each product at a uniform rate. The more modern or "revised"

  • Word count: 1009
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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In this essay, I am going to investigate the banking industry first by explain the different types of bank, then look at the banking in the US and UK for its characteristics, the way of its organize, competition.

ECONOMICS OF COMETITION MODEL: BE 2168 NAME: JINZHI HUANG ID: 0103429 In this essay, I am going to investigate the banking industry first by explain the different types of bank, then look at the banking in the US and UK for its characteristics, the way of its organize, competition. Moreover, describe its current state and future prospects. Types of banks Banks, unlike other industries, they create its production by collecting deposits and absorbing risks for depositors. Then provide stable sources of investment and working capital funds for the public and other institutions. Banks also provide many kinds of financial services among all financial intermediaries, including provide small investors insured deposits, exchange currency, an important source of funds for small borrowers who often have limited access to other sources of external finance, a smoothly functioning payments system that allows financial and real resources to flow relatively freely to their investment, a conduit for monetary policy, and a backup source of liquidity for any sector in temporary difficulty through its access to the discount window. In addition, due to the regulation, banking industry can be separated into a few segments, such as central banks, commercial banks, merchant/investment banks, savings banks, cooperative banks, mortgage banks, Giro banks and credit union: Central banks:

  • Word count: 2191
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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What is the purpose of the modern corporation and how can society ensure that corporations comply with at least minimal standards of acceptable behaviour?

What is the purpose of the modern corporation and how can society ensure that corporations comply with at least minimal standards of acceptable behaviour? In today's society, associations like corporations are important. A corporation is recognised by civil laws and regarded in all ordinary transactions as an individual. According to Evans & Freeman, (1995, p. 199), corporations 'have ceased to be merely legal devices through which the private business transactions of individuals may be carried on.' There are indeed many purposes that the corporation are to achieve. They are seen essentially as a vehicle for maximising the wealth of their shareholders, to maintain goodwill with their stakeholders and most of all, to maximise their profits. The focuses for this essay are on the main purposes of the modern corporation discussed above. However, there is a view 'gaining widespread acceptance that corporate officials and labour leaders have a social responsibility that goes beyond serving the interest of their stockholders or member' (Friedman, 1962, p. 27). This essay will also discuss about the types of problems within the modern corporations which leads to the society such as government, customers, pressure groups and communities to convince the corporate officials to accept certain behaviours towards the society, in which to enable the corporations to have at least minimal

  • Word count: 2062
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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