"...every trade, manufacture, adventure, or concern in the nature of a trade..."[1]

"...every trade, manufacture, adventure, or concern in the nature of a trade..."1 This is what ICTA 1988 defines trade as. By its very nature this is a vague description and its leaves it open for the courts and commissioners to decide on the merits of each case whether a certain income can taken to be a trade. The case law only heightens this and in my opinion is highly unsatisfactory and there should be more clarity on what constitutes a trade. Whilst I accept that there must be some lee-way given in respect to the individual facts of a case, the badges of trade and definition of a trade must be made clear for there to be any legal certainty a principle of utmost importance in large scale business transaction. Thankfully the courts and commissioners appear to be consistent in their judgments in their approach to the badges. In respect to the case of Marson v Marton it was held that there was no trade as it was outside the taxpayers typical transactions.(in this case a one off purchase and sale of land) I accept this as it follows the badges of trade to the letter and takes into account all aspects of the case. It's clear that the transaction was merely an investment and thus would not be taxable as a trade under ITTOIA (schedule D). Later cases present more of a problem. In regards to Ensign Tankers Ltd v Stokes, it was held by the commissioners that there was not a

  • Word count: 884
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"A crucial element for the stability of the EMS is the perception on the part of the financial markets that the authorities are strongly committed to defending their exchange rates" Discuss.

"A crucial element for the stability of the EMS is the perception on the part of the financial markets that the authorities are strongly committed to defending their exchange rates". Discuss this statement with reference to the roles that speculators and German reunification had in the EMS crisis of 1992/93. How did the crisis influence the future path of monetary integration? A fixed exchange rate regime operated in Europe in the post war period until the early 1970s. The European Monetary System replaced Bretton Woods; it begun in 1979 and ended on 31 December 1998, with the launch of the Euro. The EMS was an example of an 'incomplete' monetary union, and it had two principal components - the Ecu, and the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). The ERM was a predecessor to the Euro, but the first direction towards a common currency in Europe was the 1957 Treaty of Rome. Although its aim was a common market - not a monetary union - the Treaty did aspire towards the liberalisation of capital flows (which is a feature of a complete monetary union). But the defining event was the Werner Report of 1970, delivered by the Luxembourg Prime Minister. This Report was the first attempt to talk about monetary union, and concluded that it could be a reality by 1980. Although this date was missed by almost 20 years, the Report had no rigid timetable. The 3 stages set out were I) the voluntary

  • Word count: 1600
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"A monopoly can control price or output but not both while a firm in perfect competition can control neither - Discuss.

"A monopoly can control price or output but not both while a firm in perfect competition can control neither. Discuss As we all know that the term monopoly is illegal in our days and in addition we all know that at list all the biggest companies in the world are trying to get that point. However, the only reason that these companies are trying to became a monopoly on the business world, are the power of the monopoly, in other words, the monopolists can control the price on the market or the output and not only... In this essay we are going to look at the differences between company which is monopoly and company in perfect competition. However, it's easy to understand that in our days it's very difficult to become a monopoly on the business world, because of the high level of competition between the companies. It's also difficult to have the perfect competition and in my opinion it's very close to impossible. In economic theories, monopoly can control price or output but not both, while a firm in perfect competition can control neither. However, the differences between monopoly and perfect competition are the below: with the monopoly there is a one seller and many buyers. On the other hand, with the perfect competition there are many buyers and sellers. Another main difference between the monopoly and the perfect competition is that, with the monopoly we can have some

  • Word count: 958
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"A striking feature of most emerging economies, is the prominent role played by business groups" (Khanna and Rivkin, 2001,) Assess the importance of business groups in the economic development of emerging markets.

"A striking feature of most emerging economies, is the prominent role played by business groups" (Khanna and Rivkin, 2001,) Assess the importance of business groups in the economic development of emerging markets. The term 'emerging markets' was defined in 1981 by Antoine W. Van Agtamael of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the world bank as an 'economy with low-to-middle per capita income.'1 Such countries constitute approximately 80% of the global population, representing about 20% of the worlds economies. In order to answer, I have decided to use examples from the following emerging markets. Firstly, Japan whose Corporate groups of networks and alliances is more commonly known as the Zaibatsu. Secondly, South Korea, the Chaebol and finally Argentina where there are a variety of large interrelated family connections. At the beginning of the 20th century, the US, UK and Germany were the worlds leading Industrial economies. Developing new technologies and improving methods of communication meant that the 'gap' between these three countries and the rest of the world grew larger. In addition to this, barriers to entry, particularly in terms of price and quality of their products, they soon became the source for continuous learning to enhance the productivity of the existing technologies and to commercialise closely related ones. After WWII, catch up began for

  • Word count: 1477
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Analyse the problems of seasonality in supply and demand and ability to devise strategies to cope with the problem."

BUSINESS STUDIES H/W 3 Q: "Analyse the problems of seasonality in supply and demand and ability to devise strategies to cope with the problem." Demand is the amount of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase as any given price. Supply is the ability for firm to provide for these demands of goods for the people. Seasonality means the changes in the season i.e. summer and winter. Some goods are said to be seasonal in that the demand for those goods tend to go up in particular seasons such as the demand for warm clothes during winter and the demand for drinks during summer tend to be high only during these seasons. Demand and supply are linked together because an effect in demand will have a direct effect on the supply and an increase in supply will affect demand, the reason for this is the change it has on the market price. Not all goods are affected by seasonal change only good that are made for specific season are affected by seasons. As mentioned above the demand for Jackets and warm clothes by summer will be very little or none at all. The problem that this causes is that the supply also has to be reduced. So much that these days when the market is very hard to be competing in seasonal goods are completely taken of the production line up to the time when the demand of the good rises again. This has actually been a strategy to cope with the change in

  • Word count: 1024
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"arguaby the annual general report is a poor aid to economic decision making" Discuss.

ELEMI ATIGOLO-0325936 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Financial Accounting: First assignment, Kingston University "ARGUABY THE ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT IS A POOR AID TO ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING". DISCUSS. HOW USEFUL ARE ANNUAL GENERAL REPORTS FOR ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING. DO THEY POSE ANY WEIGHT WITH THE OVERALL DECISIONS OF A BUSINESS OR ORGANISATION? DISCUSS CONTENTS PAGES Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Discussion, Annual General Report as an aid to economic decisions 4 Conclusion 9 References 10 Bibiography 13 "ARGUABLY THE ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT IS A POOR AID TO ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING". DISCUSS. HOW USEFUL ARE ANNUAL GENERAL REPORTS FOR ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING. DO THEY POSE ANY WEIGHT WITH THE OVERALL DECISIONS OF A BUSINESS OR ORGANISATION? ABSTRACT The following essay focuses on the Annual General Reports, and their usefulness in helping to make economic decisions. Companies and businesses, use Annual General Reports to help communicate their financial affairs to interested parties. The statements in these reports often hold valuable information for many parties; but how useful are they as aids to economic decision making. Some have argued that they are essential, while others have maintained that they are of no real benefit. This essay discusses some of the issues surrounding the apparent usefulness of the Annual General Report to economic decision making.

  • Word count: 3211
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"At the end of the day, competition is the only thing that motivates - the theories revisited"

"At the end of the day, competition is the only thing that motivates -the theories revisited" In the last decade, relatively full employment is no longer a feature of the labour market, partly because of its particular productivity and partly because of high labour turnover. There is a growing interest to study motivation for work. At the end of the day, is competition the only thing that motivates? This essay will examine how the motivation can be influence work. It will focus on some well-established motivation theories. It will then look at the relationships between competition and motivation. Life is full of competition. When we are kids, we compete to gain the attention of our parents. When we are at school, we compete to get good results. Competition occurs in practically all works and profession. Even in missionary, you have to compete to get the necessary funds. For the sake of our discussions here, we will limit ourselves to competition at work. So what do we mean by motivation? "Motivation is the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal". (Robbins, 2001) To put it simply, motivation is what makes people work hard or harder. It is a well-established fact that people must be motivated to work. When people are motivated, there is an urge inside them that makes them work towards a goal. But,

  • Word count: 1450
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Audit & new technology Strategy".

Management Centre University of Leicester Pixie Marketing Group Wytee's 27th November 2002 "Audit & new technology Strategy". Pixie Marketing Group - TITLE PAGE NUMBER .Introduction 4 2. Audit 2.1 Extreme Sports & society 4 2.2 PEST Analysis 2.2.1 Political factors 4 2.2.2 Economic factors 4 2.2.3 Social factors 5 2.2.4 Technological factors 5 2.3 Market Research 5 2.4 SWOT Analysis 2.4.1 Strengths 6 2.4.2 Weaknesses 6 2.4.3 Opportunities 6 2.4.4 Threats 7 3. Marketing Strategy 3.1 Segmentation Strategy 7 3.2 Corporate segment Strategy 8 3.3 Innovator segment Strategy 9 4. Management Strategy 4.1 Management aim 10 4.2 Organisational Management 10 4.3 Human-resources Management 10 4.4 Quality Management 10 4.5 Brand Management 10 5. Website Structure 5.1 Strategy decision 11 5.2 Wytee's corporate Website 11 5.2.1 Objectives of the Website 11 5.2.2 Promotional tools used 11 5.2.3 Design 12 5.3 WyDGee Website 5.3.1 Objectives of the Website 12 5.3.2 Promotional tools used 12 5.3.3 Design 13 6. Cost 13 7. Evaluating the strategy 13 8. Conclusion

  • Word count: 2586
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Britain wasn't the world's fastest growing major economy, but it outpaced the rest of Europe," A. Kaletsky in The Times, 24th December 2002 - Is this sufficient justification for the UK to resist a switch to the Euro?

Question: "Britain wasn't the world's fastest growing major economy, but it outpaced the rest of Europe," A. Kaletsky in The Times, 24th December 2002. Is this sufficient justification for the UK to resist a switch to the Euro? Consider the impact of your answer on UK firms and the economy as a whole. Of the European Union's fifteen member states, three-Sweden, Denmark and the UK-have not adopted the euro. As with the UK firms and all important large-scale economic decisions there are many advantages and disadvantages to the UK of joining the Euro and therefore the important conclusion to come to is whether it is sufficient justification for the UK to resist a switch to the Euro. People argue that joining the Euro would reduce transaction costs for traders, with savings estimated at around £2 billion annually(www.staruk.org.uk). These savings come from not having to pay commission or maintain hedge funds to guard against currency instability. There is another argument is that although the exchange rate between sterling and the euro will fluctuate from day to day, it would be wrong to think of the euro as "just another foreign currency". As the currency of 12 European countries and 300 million people, many business, small as well as large, are now beginning to feel the impact of the euro on how they do business. The tourism industry could be particular affected after 1

  • Word count: 1456
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Business Venture Capital".

"Business Venture Capital" Buying an existing business can be an excellent way to become a business owner or to expand your present business. You can save time and effort of building a customer and supplier base. You may also avoid the trouble of locating equipment and hiring and training employees. However, you should abide by the Latin slogan which translates "Let the buyer beware." If you are not careful, acquiring an existing business can lead to disaster. (Poznak, 1998) Joe's Landscaping and Tree Trimming (Joe's) began as a small sole proprietorship. In efforts to expand and become a company that investors would be interested in, the company has ventured into new commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured as a Limited Liability Corporation. Joe's is being considered as a potential business investment, however, after reviewing the requirements of the legal due diligence process, it is my recommendation that an investment is not made into Joe's. In the third quarter of 2002, investors pumped $4.5 billion into 647 entrepreneurial companies, a decrease of 26% from the prior quarter, which saw $6 billion of funding to 838 startups. While IT startups consistently gain venture capitalists' attention, software companies continue to gather the largest amounts of cash despite a 10% drop in funding from the prior quarter. Representing 22% of total investment

  • Word count: 949
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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