Transport Economics

Applied Economics and Marketing for Managers Assignment Part B 07235569 0/6/2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Abstract 3 Comparison of Financial Appraisal and Cost Benefit Analysis 3 Application of Cost Benefit Analysis on Metro Rail System set up in New Delhi 5 Financial Costs and Benefits of the Metro 7 Identification of Economic Benefits and Costs of Metro 10 Reference 12 Appendix 13 Stakeholder Analysis 13 Abstract Governments and private business houses have different objectives to achieve. Hence the approach to appraise the expenditure is different. Financial Appraisal and Cost Benefit Analysis are few techniques used by governments and private sector companies. Private sector companies look at the financial aspect of business, which are the profit, return on investment, net present value etc. State owned enterprise will also look at the society as well, along with the financial aspects. There are many projects that are done in public-private sector partnerships. The rationale behind any project could depend on many factors such as political, social, economic, environmental, technological etc. Transport is one such area where both private and public sector companies are interested. To identify the difference between the approaches that governments and private sectors companies we need to define Cost Benefit Analysis and Financial appraisal.

  • Word count: 4802
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Travel broadens the mind.

Stephan Seiler English essay: Travel broadens the mind Traveling makes it possible to experience new cultures; for example, observing different religions and customs, even if it just means visiting an Egyptian temple. While traveling, you can learn new languages, which may increase your general knowledge. If you learn a few basic phrases, you are given the chance to interact with the native people. Also you are more likely to experience the friendliness of the locals because language barriers are broken. This may lead to prejudice ideas being destroyed. A new language gives a different outlook on life. Travel also teaches you independence, because it allows you to escape the familiar surroundings of home and stay in a strange or alien place. Just arranging travel and accommodation can give you new responsibilities. Often when people travel they leave everyday troubles behind and have to learn to cope without them. Improvising or making do without them teaches patience and determination, and when you return home you become more grateful for the things you left behind. Not only does traveling allow you to see new cultures, it also often allows you to learn the roots of your own cultures. Traveling enables you to become aware of differences in lifestyle - whether they are regional or national - and to learn how different people interact and generally what they base

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Using appropriate theory, critically analyse the macro environmental factors that have influenced the development of the global pharmaceutical industry

Using appropriate theory, critically analyse the macro environmental factors that have influenced the development of the global pharmaceutical industry during the period covered by the case The macro environment “consists of broad environmental factors that impact to a greater or lesser extent on almost all organisations” (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes pg50). The macro environments looks at the behaviour of the whole economy and focuses on unemployment, economic growth and inflation. The macro environment can also be referred to as the PEST framework: political, economic, social and technological. The contents of the above four categories will affect the strategy an organisation will adopt. In this essay, the factors which influenced the development of the pharmaceutical industry during the period covered by the case, will be critically analysed. Patents in a strategic context are used by organisations to ensure their new ideas and products are protected against copycats. “Owning a patent gives you the right to stop someone else from making, using or selling your invention without your permission” (Entrepreneur Media Inc). Patents are essential for large scale firms such as the pharmaceutical industry as they rely on them to not only secure income from inventions but to also block new entrants creating generic medicines at a lower cost with the same ingredients.

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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What are Dividends?

Dividends are payments made to stockholders from a firm's earnings, whether those earnings were generated in the current period or in previous periods. When dividends are paid, shareholders in many countries, including the United States, suffer from stock buyback, in which the company buys back stock, thereby increasing the value of the stock left outstanding. While it may be true that in the stock market there is no rule without an exception, there are some principles which are tough to dispute. We'll review 10 general principles to help investors get a better grasp of how to approach the market from a long-term view. Keep in mind that these guidelines are quite general, each with different applications depending on the circumstance. But every point embodies some fundamental concept every investor should know. The primary purpose of any business is to create profit for its owners, and the dividend is the most important way the business fulfills this mission. When a company earns a profit, some of this money is typically reinvested in the business and called retained earnings, and some of it can be paid to its shareholders as a dividend. Paying dividends reduces the amount of cash available to the business, but the distribution of profit to the owners is, after all, the purpose of the business. ) Sell the losers and let the winners ride! - Time and time again, investors

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Total Quality Management.

University of Strathclyde Strathclyde Business School MSc Procurement Management Total Quality Management By: Maurice Morwood June 2003 Introduction As competition in the global marketplace increases the importance of quality and in particular Total Quality Management (TQM) has become a key management issue within most major corporations. (Dewhurst et al 1998). More and more companies are applying the principles of TQM and the topic is well publicised in many books and papers. The procurement function plays a key role within any company, as they are the link between the business and its suppliers. In essence the buyers interpret the requirements of the business and convert this into the materials required to satisfy the needs of the customer (Sullivan, 1999). Before attempting to answer the assignment questions it is important to try and understand the definition of the term "Total Quality Management". This is not an easy task as much has been written on this subject and most authors have their own thoughts and ideas as to what it is. In simplistic terms TQM is often defined as "A leadership philosophy and strategy that is based on continuous improvement of every process, empowerment of people, continuous learning, all creating transformations towards an organisation that is providing excellent products and services". (Dr R. Benner, 2001). . The costs and benefits

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Tourism in Spain.

HG 253 TOURISM IN SPAIN. (As a main host country). BY RUWANTHI PERERA. Introduction. Spain is a land of geographic and cultural diversity, and with a lot to offer. The Mediterranean beaches of the south and the northwest attract those sun lovers, but more and more tourists are discovering the fascinations of an old and beautiful Spain far from the beaches. There are an enormous variety of landscapes in Spain: forests, salt marshes, rocky bays, mountains, medieval cities, rivers and mountain ranges. (www.spaintour.com) Through out this essay I will be looking at the following themes respectively. P.S: Because Spain is a huge country which has lot of remote islands I will not be looking at tourism statistics specifically regarding these islands however, I will be referring to them on the following themes as 'examples' to illustrate certain points. > An overview of tourism in Spain in context of tourism in the Mediterranean and rest of the world. > Historical background of inbound tourism in Spain. * Franco era. * Development of Mass tourism and their motivations. * Coastal tourism. * Tourism statistics until 2000. > Reformation of tourism in Spain. * Reasons why and how? * Past approaches. * Current approaches. > Conclusion. * Nature/ quality of tourism during past few years, as a host country. * Future plans to improve their tourism. According to

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Traders, managers and loss aversion in investment banking

This is a critical review of Willman, P., Fenton-O'Creevy, M. P., Nicholson, N. & Soane, E. (2002) "Traders, managers and loss aversion in investment banking: a field study" in Accounting, Organizations and Society, Volume 27, Number 1, pp 85-98. Through thorough analyse of the article, I will look at it from an objective perspective to understand its worth and its limitations. This article was published to highlight the roles in which traders and managers go about their daily task in their working environment. On the surface you would expect a manager to be the leader but in fact it would seem that the traders are usually leading the manager. There is such a degree of autonomy that it is becoming extremely difficult to monitor and regulate the traders. This article presents its findings on how traders and mangers link up in investment banking to avoid losing money and whether this has a detrimental effect on the company pursing profits. The article presents data it collected from 4 leading investment banks with offices in London. The sampled comprised of 118 traders, trader-managers and 10 senior managers. The relevant theory goes back until 1963, what is evident in the findings is there doesn't seem to be a set model that is followed, just lots of ideas. I see the models more as loose boundaries, I don't believe that you can substitute for experience and what was a cause

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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What are the strengths and limitations of a rational, strategic approach to organisational change?

Essay 3: What are the strengths and limitations of a rational, strategic approach to organisational change? Introduction Following the brief introduction of a model-ideal conceptualisation of Organisational Goal-Directed-Activity, and the definition within the perspective defined by this model of such terms like 'rational (organisational) action system', 'strategy', and 'organisational change', the first part of this essay presents a non-evaluative summary of a selection of distinct approaches to organisational change. Various approaches to strategy are similarly addressed in an attempt to register and explore some of the links that have been identified by a number of authors between positions on strategy reviewed and corresponding approaches to organisational change. The second part, bypassing the rather common practice of partitioning the set of organisational change approaches into largely non-overlapping rational and nonrational, strategic and nonstrategic, subsets, identifies a number of distinct Rational and/or Strategic Modes, associates them with the approaches to organisational change reviewed in the first part, and attempts an integrated appraisal of the distinctive strengths and limitations such diverse Modes confer to the approaches to change that invoke and utilise them. . A Model-Ideal Conceptualisation of Organisational Goal-Directed-Activity, Rationality,

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Use the Edgeworth Box diagram to explain how gains from trade arise. If the outcome of such trade is Pareto Optimal government intervention is unnecessary and undesirable.' Discuss.

Use the Edgeworth Box diagram to explain how gains from trade arise. If the outcome of such trade is Pareto Optimal government intervention is unnecessary and undesirable.' Discuss. In a simple two-consumer economy, there is a possibility that both consumers can end up better off through trade with each other. If we model an economy with only two goods, and a given initial quantity of each of these goods, then we can represent the utility of the two consumers on the same diagram by using the Edgeworth Box model. If we call the consumers Abe and Boris, and a fixed initial quantity of two goods, say 100 bananas and 50 coconuts, and we assume that all the goods are distributed to just Boris and Abe, then we can represent this as follows: This diagram with one of the consumers axes inverted is an Edgeworth Box model. If we are at point X, then we can see that Abe has 20 bananas and 20 coconuts. As all the goods have been distributed, this means that Boris must have 80 bananas and 30 coconuts, and if we read from his axes we can see that this is indeed the case. They could also be at point Y, a different allocation of the goods, or indeed at any other point in the box. Abe and Boris will both have indifference curves, and at any point in the box they will both be on an indifference curve of their own. Now we can see how gains can arise from trade. A person is better off if they

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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What factors contribute to make a good leader and how might your style of leadership vary to be successful when involved in individual, racket and team activities?

What factors contribute to make a good leader and how might your style of leadership vary to be successful when involved in individual, racket and team activities? Leadership can be defined as the process whereby an individual influences group members in a way that inspires them to achieve some group goal that he or she has identified as important.There are several factors that can contribute to making a high-quality leader; one of them is the potential leaders' characteristics. Some of the characteristics that are important include good communicator, motivational, confident, consistent, decision maker, tactful and tolerant. However the list is ever growing and no definitive list is possible. There has been a debate into whether leadership is down to nature or nurture. Trait theorists suggest that leaders are born with the attributes to lead. However trait theorists also believe that certain personality types and physical attributes like height, weight and self confidence develop leadership success. All the same it has been more recently it has been agreed that although the above may be the case, it is social influence which will influence a person's development as a leader. Fielder's contingency model (1967) tries to explain the link between a leader, personality traits and the situational requirements of the task. It suggests that leadership is contingent on the overall

  • Word count: 1422
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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