By analysing Picassos Guernica and what he meant by his painting, this essay will reflect on how a role and the meaning of one piece of art can change over time.

TASK 1: Drawing on the example of Picasso’s Guernica, write an essay of 1000 words discussing the roles, functions and meanings a piece of art can have. Picasso’s Guernica is one of the most famous and powerful anti-war paintings of all time. The meaning of the painting is not immediately clear and as a piece of art it can mean many things to many people. It is crucial to highlight the circumstances surrounding the creation of the painting and to include the past and the current context of the spectator. By analysing Picasso’s Guernica and what he meant by his painting, this essay will reflect on how a role and the meaning of one piece of art can change over time. Picasso painted Guernica as a reaction to the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by German war planes during the Spanish civil war in 1937. Since 1936 Spain was going through a civil war between the fascist forces led by General Franco and the democratic Republican government. To intimidate the population Franco decided with the help of Adolph Hitler to unleash a terror bombing exercise on Guernica which had no military connection but was important for Basque nationalism and for their tradition of independence. Guernica depicts unforgettable images of violence, turmoil, people and animals suffering in a room full of disarray. The painting gives a clear visual account of the shocking and chaotic effect

  • Word count: 20756
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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Better Day Coming; Blacks and inequality 1890 to 2000.

Better Day Coming; Blacks and inequality 1890 to 2000. By Adam Fairclough Better Day Coming is a historic rendering of the Civil Rights movement in the United States is presented with a concentration on the South. Fairclough teaches American history at the University of East Anglia, and aims to present an interpretation of the black struggle for equality in the United States between 1890 and 2000, concentrating on the South in this book. The first half of the book covers 1890 to 1919, with sketches of such individuals as Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Quickly reviewing major events (e.g., the Great Migration, the Scottsboro affair), Fairclough guides readers through the 1910s, '20s and '30s, examining the failure of Garvey's black nationalism and recognizing the role of the Communist Party in fighting racism. After that, the book addresses a ‚large of topics: education, employment, World War II, anti-communism, Brown v. Board of Education, the Montgomery bus boycott, the sit-ins, the 1965 Los Angeles riots and the Poor People's Campaign. He also analyzes the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., and the effects of the Black Power movement on the struggle for black civil rights. The final chapter, skims over the remaining decades of the century. Adam Fairclough commences at a convenient point of the failure of the reconstruction

  • Word count: 8079
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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Evaluation of Dance Curriculum

Assessment 'Evaluate a Dance Curriculum of your own design Content Dance became part of The National Curriculum in 1992, allowing progression of this subject within the UK educational system. However it is only optional at secondary school level as a full option for GCSE, BTEC and A Level, as recommended by The National Curriculum Council (Ashley, 1996). It is from this basis that I will be designing a Dance Curriculum to be taught at secondary level for Key Stage 3, as part of the students core subject content. After a discussion of the content to which this curriculum will be delivered I will be analysing the content in relation to its overall aims and objectives, learning outcomes, the assessment following the scheme of work, and its cross-curricular opportunities. Finally, an evaluation of the concepts of the curriculum will be reviewed, with specific evaluation in relation to Burton, Middlewood and Blatchford's (2002) development of 'the five fundamental truths'. The state sector comprehensive school this curriculum is designed for is within the borough of Middlesex, within the Greater London area. Students entering into this curriculum will be aged 11, turning 12 throughout this year, when they enter into year 7 at secondary school at Key Stage 3 Level. This profile will include students of both sexes, from a variety of ethnic origins and socio-cultural backgrounds,

  • Word count: 7867
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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Adam faircloff commences at a convenient point of the failure of the reconstruction process after the civil war and triumph of white supremacy in the decade that followed.

Adam faircloff commences at a convenient point of the failure of the reconstruction process after the civil war and triumph of white supremacy in the decade that followed. Fircloff 's writing indicated the struggle of black inequality in the period immediately following the triumph of the northerners over the south republics and the hopes and expectations of the Negro population in the aftermath of the civil war. There hope of freedom and equality before the law. The 13 thirteenth amendment and the recognition of Negro marriages,, their right to form families , to worship as they viewed fit, to acquire and hold property ,enjoy the freedom of movement but they soon realized that liberation would be empty without land ,legal rights and the right to vote in and atmosphere free from persecution ,Fircoff skillfully introduces the aspirations that black held through the period 1890 to 2000 and the inequality they suffered in gaining what was legally theirs at the hand of a militant and biased white population. Emancipation was nothing without independence and the Negro population quickly realized that and began organizing themselves into groups and association to ensure this. They began to distance themselves from the white population by forming their own churches and rejecting the limitations of the whites in laboring contact. Faircliff illustrated the circumstances that

  • Word count: 6687
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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Explaining The Transformation of Environmental Activism: An evaluation of the Explanatory Potential of the Political and Identity Oriented Approaches.

Explaining The Transformation of Environmental Activism: An evaluation of the Explanatory Potential of the Political and Identity Oriented Approaches Where mobilisation is concerned, looking at Protest Event Data, one can see a clear pattern emerging in the number of environmental protests: an increase from 60 to 100/year from 1988 to 80, decreasing steadily to just over 60 in 1991, increasing to a peak of around 160 in 1995, and tailing off dramatically to around 60 per year in 1997 During this period, roads as an issue show the most dramatic increase, and confrontational increases remarkably. The other remarkable statistic that needs explaining is that of the decreasing significance of the demonstration in terms of median numbers of members and gross numbers of protests. (Roots 2000, p9) As far as environmental movement organisations are concerned, the trend has been for previously radical groups to become more institutionalised, in terms of membership base, paid staff and turnover. More recently, there has also been the emergence of more radical disorganisations. The archetypal group here is Earth First, founded in the nearby town of Hastings in the spring of 1991, with an even more recent example being Reclaim the Streets (Q: Why Hastings??? The south east is hardly a hot-bed of counter-cultural radicalism!!!) instrumental in Various road protests, as well as RTS and

  • Word count: 6660
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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The Response of Blowfly Larvae to Light.

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATION: THE RESPONSE OF BLOWFLY LARVAE TO LIGHT Background Information This section contains general information about blowflies relevant to this investigation, leading to the reasoning of a prediction in the next section. Blowflies Blowflies are large-eyed flies, e.g. bluebottles Calliphora spp. and greenbottle Lucilia sericata. They lay their eggs in decaying meat and other foodstuffs, or in the case of greenbottle and L. cuprina (shown in Figure 5 on Page 13) in living sheep! The lifecycle of the fly that I will be using for my experiments (bluebottles) is shown in Figure 1. The numbers on the inside indicate the approximate days elapsing. Bluebottle is a name given to two similar species of true flies, Calliphora erythrocephala and C. vomitora. They have a four-stage life (metamorphosis) cycle, consisting of an egg stage, hatching into a larval stage, which metamorphoses into the pupa, from which the adult (imago) eventually hatches. Each female bluebottle fly lays about 600 eggs, which hatch in about a day. Under favourable conditions the larvae pupate after in-between four days and a week, and emerge as adults a fortnight later, after twelve to seventy-two hours as pupae. This is summarised in Figure 1. As the larva hatches out of the egg, it's sole purpose is to feed so that it has enough energy for the metamorphosis during the non-feeding pupal

  • Word count: 5781
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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Shahrzad: An Accidental Surrealist?

Shahrzad: An Accidental Surrealist? . Introduction The Persian legacy has been immortalized by its literature, poetry, and songs. Persian poets such as Omar Khayam and Jalal ul-Din Rumi have been translated into hundreds of languages around the world. Subsequently the late 19th and primarily the 20th century saw a rise of women littérateurs and poets. Famous personalities such as Qurrat'ul-Ayn Tahirih, Forugh Farrokhzad, and Simin Daneshvar have caught the attention of readers worldwide.1 Their contribution to Persian literature has received consideration from literary critics within and without Iran. The beloved pastime of Persians, poetry, has transformation and development throughout the centuries. Women writers who have received acclaim have predominately emerged from either elite social circles or the educated class. In the annals of women's literature rests the forgotten works of a fading personality. Her name was Kubra Saidi, most commonly remembered, Shahrzad. Shahrzad was an actress and dancer during the Pahlavi years of Iran, but also a poet. More likely than not, she would have been forgotten was it not for the recent work and translations done by Kamran Talattof (Near Eastern Studies, University of Arizona). Talattof suggests that her background as an erotic dancer and her scandalous roles in lower grade movies have prevented her from being

  • Word count: 5379
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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What Were the MainCauses of 'Second Wave' Feminism in America?

What Were the Main Causes of 'Second Wave' Feminism in America? 'Women are 51% of the population. That is the only category in which they constitute 51%. In virtually every other, their share is grossly disproportionate.'1 Throughout history women have occupied the position of secondary citizens in society. The 'first wave' of feminism in the early 20th Century was pioneered by women and organisations such as the C.S.U. and Margaret Mead in America and the Pankhurst sisters in Britain; however women remained very much in the private sphere designated to them by Victorian ideology, made evident by the dominant image of American women as housewives and mothers above all else. During the 40's and 50's America was the perceived epitome of domestic calm, economic boom and political hegemony: however, as Friedan has suggested, a 'Feminine Mystique' pervaded this era, an intense female frustration at their roles of mothers and wives which, combined with a plethora of outside social, economic, political and demographic factors, served as the engine for the women's movement which was to emerge in sixties America. This growing consciousness among females was coupled with the realisation that, as the above quote illustrates, there was a vast disparity between women's position in both the public sphere and society, and men's. This is illustrated, for example, by the fact that American

  • Word count: 5324
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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The use of Kabuki Elements in a Performance of Bertolt Brehts The Caucasian Chalk Circle

________________ ABSTRACT Research Question Kabuki is a traditional, yet rather unique style of Japanese theatre originating in the Edo period[1] of Feudal Japan. There are various techniques of Kabuki which make it such a unique theatre style. Since the 1960s, these Kabuki techniques have been slowly incorporated into western theatre styles. At its core, the art of Kabuki lies in artifice and beauty. It is the beauty of Kabuki theatre I believe could reinvigorate traditional theatre styles. Therefore the question this essay attempts to answer is: “How would the application of Kabuki production elements contribute to a performance of Bertolt Brecht’s “The Caucasian Chalk Circle” to enhance the tale?” Scope of Investigation The aim of the research is to identify and analyse the various Japanese aesthetics and acting techniques used by Kabuki in a way which could be incorporated into the classical performance of Bertolt Brecht’s acclaimed epic theatre “The Caucasian Chalk Circle” and to examine the applicability of these elements to a modern production of “The Caucasian Chalk Circle”. This essay will not look at Kabuki theatre in its totality but will focus largely on the stage aesthetics and acting techniques used in Kabuki theatre. The research presented in this essay covers those elements of Kabuki with direct relevance to Bertolt Brecht’s play

  • Word count: 4908
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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The 1989 Democracy Movement - China

Session 10: The 1989 Democracy Movement Introduction: China in the late 1980s As noted last time, Deng's reforms welcomed by most - rural and urban incomes generally rose, more to spend money on, greater diversity of employment - at least until c.1985-6. Until then, those seriously losing out probably a minority, and quite a few doing better than ever before. But serious problems brewing in urban China towards end of 80s - corruption more and more obvious; inflation very high - well into double figures, over 20% in some cities. State workers beginning to be laid off as government cut subsidies to loss-making companies and denied them credit. And those still in their jobs finding wages not being paid on time because the enterprise didn't have the money - might be months late. All of which added up to urban households no longer finding their incomes going up year on year, but incomes actually falling in real terms, and job security obviously threatened. At the same time as those with Party (or army) connections were sending their kids to foreign universities and setting them up in companies making large profits by semi-legal or illegal means, and generally living it up - flash cars, golf-club membership, the best restaurants etc. And very visibly, just when everyone else was starting to worry about maybe taking a second job to make ends meet, losing work-unit housing, not

  • Word count: 4843
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Creative Arts and Design
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