Assessment and Evaluation
Introduction Assessment can be done at various times throughout a program and a comprehensive assessment plan will include formative and summative assessment. The point at which the assessment occurs in a program distinguishes these two categories of assessment. Assessments serve many different purposes. The main use of assessments is for formative purposes. The Formative assessment is often done at the beginning or during a program, thus providing the opportunity for immediate evidence for student learning in a particular course or at a particular point in a program. Classroom assessment is one of the most common formative assessment techniques and the purpose of this technique is to improve quality of student learning. Classroom assessment can also provide important program information when multiple sections of a course are taught because it enables programs to examine if the learning goals and objectives are met in all sections of the course. The effectiveness of courses and providing long term goals for learners is done in a summative assessment. Summative assessment is comprehensive in nature, provides accountability and is used to check the level of learning at the end of the program. Program goals and objectives often reflect the cumulative nature of the learning that takes place, and thus the program would conduct summative assessment at the end of the program to
principles of management
Principles Of Management INDEX Contents Page No. Introduction 1-3 Universality of management principles 4 Present situation 5 Limitations 6 Modern approaches 7-9 Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The term "management" has different meanings to different people, some call it discipline, some consider it as an activity, some treat it as a group while some look at it as a process. * As a discipline, management means a specialised branch of knowledge which involves the study of principles and practices of administration. * As an activity, management is not only guiding but directing, regulating and integration of human efforts to achieve certain common goals. * As a group, management refers to all those persons who perform the task of managing an organisation. * As a process, it is deemed to be a social process, since managers work with and through people. BASIC OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT The basic objectives of management are:- * Profitability of the enterprise, * Rightful decision-making, * Maintaining discipline , * Management mobilises talent. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT Management principles are some of the fundamental truths that explains the relationship between two or more variables. These principles establish the cause and effect relationship.
Think before you drink!
Think before you drink! Good afternoon everyone. Today, our message for you is simple. Think before you drink. 80,000 of today's first year university students will drop out of school next year for alcohol or drug related reasons. How many of you are honestly aware of the dangers you are putting yourself in when you go out drinking to socialise with your friends? I am not here to preach, or to tell you what to do, just to offer you my advice. Most of you may drink to socialise while some of you may feel more confident with a couple of vodkas. Think. One drink may be fine but two or three everyday could lead to dependency, depression and debt. Why, you may ask, do students drink? . Social reasons. You all want to meet new friends. 2. You will want to unwind and enjoy yourself after a hard day's work. 3. Everyone feels the need to be accepted. Are you lacking confidence? 4. There are no parents watching over you which allow you more freedom. 5. You may have a problem hence a drink will help you forget it for a moment. The majority of you will agree with at least one of the following though too many students use alcohol to help themselves loosen up in social situations. The reality is that if you'd stop drinking for a second to take a closer look, you'd realise that most people aren't drinking heavily. There are only a few people who really become trashed at parties,