Assessment of the response of lateritic clay component of a landfill lining system to exposure to landfill leachates BY: Mr Godwin EtonDepartment of Engineering Geology
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences COURSEWORK- CIV702 PROJECT BRIEF ON: ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE OF LATERITIC CLAY COMPONENT OF A LANDFILL LINING SYSTEM TO EXPOSURE TO LANDFILL LEACHATES BY: Mr Godwin Eton Department of Engineering Geology A59089203 .0 INTRODUCTION .1 Statement of the Research Problem Solid wastes comprising refuse, garbage, sludge, slurries, etc. are unwanted heterogeneous materials, residue from domestic (household etc.), commercial, industrial and agricultural activities (Leton, 1990). Disposal of solid waste could be by pre-treatment, incineration, composting, landfill or any desirable combination of them (Leton & Omotosho, 2004). Landfill is by far the cheapest known method of final disposal of solid waste. One very undesirable by-product of landfill operation is the leachate or contaminated water produced by rainfall on the surface of waste which percolates, picking up and/or dissolving soluble material pollutants-organic, inorganic, etc. If unchecked, leachate seriously pollutes natural water sources. To prevent this pollutants from contaminating the ground water system below the landfill, the new landfill regulations by EC (in the form of the landfill Directive of 1999) demand that landfill must be lined by clay liners or geotesynthetic liners. Clay is also used as a liner because of its
Electronic Design and Application
Electronic Design and Applications Bipolar Junction Transistor and Operational Amplifiers Introduction In 1904-1947, a vacuum tube was the electronic device of development and interest. In the year 1904, the vacuum tube diode was introduced by J.A. Fleming. Thereafter in 1906, Lee De forest added a the third element called the control grid, to the vacuum diode resulting in the first amplifier called the triode. A transistor is a three layer semiconductor device consisting of either two n- or one p- type layers of material or two p- and one n-type layers of material. The first one is called an npn transistor while the other is called a pnp transistor. Bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal device constructed of doped semiconductor material and can be used in amplifying or switching applications. It is called "bipolar" because its operation involves both electrons and holes participating in the injection process of oppositely polarized material. The diagram below shows the two types of bipolar transistors: The terminals above indicated by capital letters means C for collector, E for emitter and B for base. Biasing is the process of applying an external voltage across two terminals in order to get a response. Biasing of the common-base configuration in the active region can be determined easily by using the fact that Ic is approximately equal to Ie and also
Steel Reinforcement Tension Test
Introduction: Steel Reinforcement Tension Test can be conducted in two experiment session: * Two deformed grade 460 high yield steel bars * Two plain round grade 250 mild steel bars Both steel bars conform to the relevant requirements of BS 4449:1988; have a nominal diameter of 20 mm, and a length of approximately 800 mm. Objectives: * Practice tension testing of steel bars as reinforcement for concrete according to Hong Kong current standards. * Determine geometrical and mechanical properties of steel reinforcements including nominal cross-sectional area, yield stress, tensile strength, nominal stress at fracture, and elongation over gauge length, reduction of cross-sectional area at necking section, and modulus of elasticity. * Check compliancy of the determined properties of the steel reinforcements with relevant Hong Kong standards. Apparatus: . Testing machine equipped with an extensometer with a plotter for drawing load-extension curve (fig. 1) Fig. 1 2. straight edge (fig. 2) Fig. 2 3. A caliper (fig. 3) Fig. 3 4. A metal saw for making marks on the specimens (fig. 4) Fig. 4 5. weighing equipment (fig. 5) Fig. 5 6. metal ruler (fig. 6) Fig. 6 Procedure: i. The mass (M) and length (L) of the bars were measured. The diameter of plain mild steel bar (Dp) was also measured. Dp is used in this experiment to calculate sectional area for comparison
Tiger Airways
Tiger Airways With solid first quarter results Tiger Airways appears to be positioning itself well in a competitive marketplace. The Tiger Australia operation appears to be starting to pull its own weight. The strength in the airline is still in the Singapore based airline. As one of the lower cost operators in the area, Tiger's expansion regionally will be a key to long term success. With the proposed new Thai operation, Tiger is establishing itself as a likely major force in the region, with the potential to become one of three large non-flag carrier operations, along with AirAsia and Jetstar. Airline 2009 Revenues Change in $ Southwest Airlines $10.4bn -6.1% Air Berlin $4.6bn -9.2% Ryanair $4.1bn 6.9% EasyJet $4.1bn -11.8% JetBlue Airways $3.3bn -3.0 Gol $3.1bn -12.9% AirTran Airways $2.3bn -8.3% WestJet Airways $2.0bn -15.8% Virgin Blue Airways $1.9bn -10.2% Aer Lingus $1.7bn -15.7% Tiger Airways $0.5bn The largest and most successful participants in the market have focused on sustainable pricing coupled with innovative cost reduction and sustained growth. Growth is an important part of the model because it keeps running costs relatively low. As growth options dry up, LCCs will need to consider new ways to maintain low costs. Established low cost carriers have weathered the global financial crisis The last two years has been a
Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling 7
CSE-538 Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling Assignments 7 Treds Chan 050285G 0Nov 2010 Assignment 7 (Lecture 7 - Simple elasto-plastic models): 7.1 Draw a sketch to explain the meaning of all parameters in the modified Cam Clay model and how to determine these parameters using data from what kind of lab tests. Figure 7.1 Definition of model parameters for Cam-clay The Cam-clay model is an effective stress model which requires the following soil properties: • Slope of the critical state line in the plane • Specific volume at the critical state when is 1.0 (or, ln is 0) • Slope of the isotropic over-consolidation (swelling) line • Slope of the isotropic normal consolidation line • Specific volume These five parameters are illustrated in Figure 7.1. The critical state line shown in the plane is the locus of critical states projected onto that plane. The critical state line has a slope of, , which is related to the angle of internal friction of the soil. For the case of triaxial compression, can be expressed as: By definition, the specific volume, , is related to the void ratio, , through the following expression: 7.2 A standard triaxial specimen has dimensions of 50mm in diameter and 100mm height. Triaxial tests have been conducted on a Hong Kong marine clay. The following parameters have been obtained for two models:
Value Stream & Value Stream Mapping
Value Stream and Value Stream Mapping Definition of a Value Stream: By locating the value creating processes next to one another and by processing one unit at a time, work flows smoothly from one step to another and finally to the customer. This chain of value-creating processes is called a value stream. Value stream is a sequence of activities required to design, produce, and provide a specific good or service. Along the value stream information, materials, and worth flows which eventually creates value for the customer requiring the item in production. Lean Manufacturing is all about seeing manufacturing operations as a value stream that flows products to the customer. Some activities add value whilst others just add waste. Value is anything that the customer will pay for whilst waste is anything that adds cost that the customer will not pay for. Examples of waste are overproduction of finished goods, high work in process, excess transport and handling times as well as wasted time while people and goods wait for things to happen. The operation becomes less costly and more responsive to the customer as the company works towards driving waste out of the value stream. Value stream mappng is a tool used in a Lean manufacturing environment to visualize the value stream of a process, department or organization. Value stream mapping consists of creating a picture of
This report focuses on the heat recovery system which use the heat from the gas turbine exhaust gas to produce steam. e report has a detailed design of the economizer and evaporator where as the steam drum, gas stack, pumps and duct burner are discussed b
. Executive Summary Civ-Chem Engineering Solutions was approached by one of the largest manufacturers of recycled paper and corrugated cardboard i.e. Smurfit Kappa to design an effluent treatment plant, on-site electricity generation system, system to provide heating in plant and a training and design facility. All of the previous are to be designed so that a second paper mill line can make use of these facilities in 5 years time. The current CHP generates 4 MW of electrical power as well as providing 20 tonne/hr of steam, this is less than the requirement of the plant which is about 8 MW of electrical power and 45 tonne/hr of steam. The plant also requires 2800 m3/day of water. Civ-Chem Engineering Solutions is to design a 4 MW CHP plant which ensures steam generation of 25 tonne/hr. Civ-Chem Engineering Solutions also have to design an effluent treatment facility which reduces the BOD and COD discharged to the foul sewer system. This report focuses on the heat recovery system which use the heat from the gas turbine exhaust gas to produce steam. Heat recovery steam generators(HRSG) are being used more commonly now in combination with gas turbines cause they are efficient, pollution free and relatively cheaper. The design of an HRSG can be vast, so this report is focused on the more important parts of a HRSG. The report has a detailed design of the economizer and evaporator
Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step
Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This reports aims at developing and understanding of turbulence modeling over a Backward-Facing Step and factors for consideration when doing so. In the Automotive industry this type of modeling is used very frequently and is a very effective tool used in design. The 2D duct is a simplified model used to help understand the effects of geometry on flow conditions around a vehicle. A comparison of the a standard k-? turbulence model and a realizable k-? turbulence model through the best meshing criteria is conducted and compared with experimental data provided. It is found that the realizable k-? turbulence model is the most appropriate and accurate of the two models. This model is also used to understand the benchmark for validating various flow types such as turbulence model, multiphase flows and fundamental numerical methods is commonly the backward-facing step. Combustion and HVAC in industry also uses these models for validation. Having determined an appropriate model the flow characteristics over the body have been analyzed and compared with that found in literature. Findings show that while the simulation is able to model the flow condition, the results and relationship between slope angle and drag co-efficient do not directly correlate. In all a very
Explanation Of Pathway
Christos Kyriacou Explanation of Pathway 1 I am currently studying at Southgate sixth form; I am doing a business-applied course. It is a double award course. At the end of these two years I will have a GCE AS Double Award. Half way through the second year I will be Applying to universities that I would like to carry on my studies at, the universities that I would like to apply to are London South Bank University, University of Westminster and The University of Bolton, I would like to apply to these universities as they are the main universities which specialize in building and construction courses and are the universities that have the best reputation for these courses. The type of grades that I will need to get accepted into one of these universities is in a Vocational & GCE a levels course I will need at least a C grade in a six - unit award. The university that I will be my first choice will be London South bank university, my reasons or this being my first choice is that, it is the best university out of the 3 universities I have chosen and it is also the best university in London to study building surveying. Strength of this university is that it is located in London this means that I will not have to move out of my house to study for my degree, this also means that I don't have to travel far everyday, it is also very easy to get to. As there are many easy means of
Researching careers in engineering.
Introduction Mechanical engineering interests me because I've always had a curiosity about designing cars and buildings. As a young lad I loved constructing creations with Lego, playdough and Meccano. Presently I enjoy the two crucial subjects necessary for Mechanical Engineering, which are math and science. I have always received excellent grades in both subjects in the past. Two of my cousins in India are engineers and they both say engineering is a respectable and rewarding profession. In addition I have gone to Go West engineering camp at UVic for the past two years and I have found it both insightful and thought provoking. The camp leaders one of which was a mechanical engineer, told us of the various types of engineering fields, however mechanical engineering interested me the most. I think because we got to design a robot out of Lego and program it so that it could find its way through a maze. Another reason why I chose mechanical engineering is because there are so many interesting fields you can specialize in, for example, aerospace, energy, robotics, and transportation. Also I learned that recent studies indicated that 40% of all engineering openings were for graduates of mechanical engineering, which means I'd probably have a job once I graduate! Job Description Mechanical engineers take science and math and apply them to real world situations.