Chlor Alkali
CE1102 Molecular Structures for Engineers . The Chlor-Alkali process "Chlorine and caustic soda are the base elements of 60% of Europe's chemical industry production turnover, and are the key ingredients in most of the products made by the industry. Chlorine (Cl) cannot exist naturally by itself because it is highly reactive and one of the most plentiful elements in the world. Most chemical processes require it for synthesis, which is why it is being produced on the chemicals and pharmaceuticals industrial site at Frankfurt Hoechst, where it can easily be distributed by pipeline for long-term provision to the other processing companies. It is used in all industries and in the home in solvents, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, plastics, acids and many more. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide - NaOH) is a very versatile alkali and is used as a reactant in the manufacturing of various sodium compounds. For example, it is used to produce sodium hypochlorite, which is used to produce various bleaches and disinfectants. Caustic soda is used in many industries where it is used to control pH, to breakdown cellulose, in cleaning operations, etc. The main industries where it is used include rayon cellophane, soap and pulp and paper. Hydrogen is the other major product formed in the chlor-alkali electrolysis process. Because of its high energy non-toxic nature, hydrogen can be used
Controle remoto infravermelho
CENTRO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DE SÃO PAULO Controle remoto infravermelho SÃO PAULO 2006 CENTRO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DE SÃO PAULO Controle remoto infravermelho Bruno Fernandes Gabriel Wiltenburg Maria Luísa Cantadori Automação - Q3 SÃO PAULO 2006 Sumário Introdução 3 Objetivo 3 Metodologia 3 Controle remoto infravermelho monocanal 4 Componentes do circuito transmissor 6 Funcionamento do circuito transmissor 7 Bibliografia 9 Introdução Quando se necessita enviar informações de forma segura a curtas distâncias, a melhor solução é a que faz uso do infravermelho (IR). Controles remotos, links de dados e sensoriamento remoto são algumas das aplicações onde o uso do infravermelho se faz presente com grande eficiência. No entanto, é necessário conhecer os componentes e o comportamento do circuito em questão, em que são usados, pelo menos no circuito por nós escolhido, transistores e um LED que emite infravermelho, entre outros. Objetivo Conhecer alguns componentes básicos de circuitos eletrônicos: os transistores e os diodos, por meio do circuito transmissor de um controle remoto infravermelho monocanal, ou seja, que só possui um botão para ser apertado. Metodologia Para realizar este trabalho, utilizamos livros, sites da Internet e revistas especializadas em Eletrônica. Controle remoto
Women and Engineering.
Women in Engineering- Discuss the processes (according to research), by which women have been excluded Man for the field and women for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey; All else confusion. (Alfred Lord Tennyson, 1847) Occupational segregation by sex is to a large extent a women's issue, since it is more detrimental for them than for men. Barriers against professional women have been framed in two different ways, emphasizing two stages at which obstacles might occur: a threshold "beyond which gender no longer matters" and a "glass ceiling of gender specific obstacles to advancement into top positions". In the first, women encounter difficulties advancing into a field but the obstacles fall away once a certain status is reached. In the second there is a particular career level women may attain at which point a blockage occurs to further advancement. The "threshold effect" presumes that women only face barriers in the early stages of their career, while the "glass ceiling" effect presumes barriers only at high levels of their career, (Etzkowitz et al, 1994). However, it has been found instead that women face barriers to entry and achievement at all stages of career development, not just upon entry into work. This paper will seek to address the issue of women in professional
At the end of August 1914, the three armies of the German invasion's northern wing were sweeping south towards Paris.
At the end of August 1914, the three armies of the German invasion's northern wing were sweeping south towards Paris. The French 5th and 6th Armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) were in retreat. General Alexander von Kluck, commander of the German Ist Army, was ordered to encircle Paris from the also left Paris by the 3rd September. east. Expecting the German army to capture Paris, the French government departed for Bordeaux. About 500,000 French civilians Joseph Joffre, the Commander-in-Chief of the French forces, ordered his men to retreat to a line along the River Seine, south-east of Paris and over 60km south of the Marne. Joffre planned to attack the German Ist Army on 6th September and decided to replace General Charles Lanrezac, the commander of the 5th Army, with the more aggressive, General Franchet D'Esperey. The commander of the BEF,Sir John French, agreed to join the attack on the German forces. General Michel Maunoury and the French 6th Army attacked the German Ist Army on the morning of 6th September. General von Kluck wheeled his entire force to meet the attack, opening a 50km gap between his own forces and the German 2nd Army led by General Karl von Bulow. The British forces and the French 5th now advanced into the gap that had been created splitting the two German armies. For the next three days the German forces were unable to break through
development of modern transport aircraft
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT In this essay two key parameters that influence the design of turbofan powered transport aircraft: the thrust to weight ratio and the wing loading, will be considered. The author will briefly explain what these parameters are and what major factors determine the values. By way of assimilating the evidence into a tangible example, the author will discuss in detail the effects of thrust to weight ratio and wing loading in the design of the Boeing 767. An aircraft has four forces acting upon it in flight: lift, weight, thrust, and drag, each having both magnitude and direction. The motion of an aircraft during flight is dependent upon the relative magnitude and direction of these forces. An aeroplane's weight is determined by its size, the materials used in its construction, and on the payload and fuel that it carries. Thrust is established by the size and type of propulsion system employed, as well as the amount of 'throttle' being used by the pilot. Weight, by virtue of gravity, acts directly towards the centre of the earth whilst thrust generally acts forward along the centre line of the aircraft. Lift and drag, although not predominantly being discussed in this essay, are aerodynamic forces and are dependent upon the shape and size of the aeroplane and the flying conditions. Lift is directed perpendicular to drag, which is
Computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The CFD method is an important method to determine the flow characters of submerged jets into cavities.
Background With the development of computer resources, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) has become an important method to analyse fluid dynamic problems, which include aeronautics, automotives, wind turbines and so on. The CFD method is used in a wide range because it could apply overall analysis result in a short time. However, the experiments also need to be employed to validate the CFD results. The flow of submerged jets into cavities is a common problem in fluid dynamic field. It can be found frequently in technical applications, which include engine cooling system, continuously feeded reactors and so on. The CFD method is an important method to determine the flow characters of submerged jets into cavities. Introduction The flows of submerged jets in cavities are found in numerous technical applications. With increase of flow velocity, the flow will transfer to high Reynolds number flows. These high Reynolds number flows often exhibit a long-term oscillation behavior of large coherent structures. So that, the determination of characters of flows of submerged jets in cavities is important. The CFD method is employed to analyse the flow characters. However, in the CFD process, the mesh conditions and physics conditions is an important setting. It is because those large eddy simulations would be very time and memory-consuming. Also, in order to simulate both laminar
Case study of engineering professional
CASE STUDY OF ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL Students and ID Rashid Al Kaabi (3631092) Hadeer Al-Yasery (3632921) Jehan Ammouche (3636276) Majd Khantomani (3651884) Subject Engineering Management 2 Subject Code BMO3851 Lecturer Michael Stewart Date 02 September, 2004 Summary This report gives an insight about how Mr. Valli Navaratnam developed professionally as an engineer. He has worked in several places and in different roles throughout his professional life, his first role was an assistance engineer at Jaffeerjee Brothers Ltd where he did electrical maintenance of the plant, his second position professionally was being a electrical engineer at State Development and Construction Corporation where he was responsible for the installation and commissioning of electrical control plants associated with control of sluice gates in hydro dams, after that he took the same title at a company named Colombo Commercial Co. where he was responsible for the design, installation and commission of industry electrical installations in the tea and rubber industry. All the mentioned positions took place in Sri-Lanka. He then moved to Bahrain and took the role of a system control engineer at a company named Bahrain State electricity directorate. Afterwards he moved to Australia where he to the role of a quality control engineer at a company named Organisational Robert Bosch (AUST) Ltd.
Vibration Fault kit. Misalignment is a common cause of machinery malfunction. Considering the importance of alignment, the vibration spectrum of misalignment is not well documented. This is the first report on the ongoing research to determine the unique
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology Mechanical Engineering Department Vibration Fault kit Vibration Laboratory Room 205 Experimental Methods ME241 Student: Nasser al shammari Supervisor: Eng Mustafa Salameh Date of Experiment: 20/10/2010 Contents ) Contents .................................................... I 2 ) Abstract ................................................... II 3 ) Apparatus .................................................. 1 4 ) Objectives ................................................. 2 5 ) Observations................................................ 3 5 ) Results ...................................................... 3 6 ) Conclusions ......................................................4 7 ) Discussion ..................................................5 Abstract Misalignment is a common cause of machinery malfunction. Considering the importance of alignment, the vibration spectrum of misalignment is not well documented. This is the first report on the ongoing research to determine the unique vibration signature for misalignment at varying operating and design conditions such as speed, type and level of misalignment, coupling types and machinery dynamic stiffness. The Machinery Fault Simulator was used in the study to create the varying mechanical conditions. vibration
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EXPERIMENT NO:1 OBJECT: To study the working principle of carding machine APPARATUS: Carding machine THEORY: There are four main objective of carding: * fibre to fibre opening * parallelization of fibre * sliver formation * removing trash,fibre fragments,very short fibre and neps carding machine consist of following parts : lap roller, feed plate ,feed roller ,taker inn ,carding plate ,main cylinder ,stationary flats ,revolving flats ,brush roll ,doffing rollers ,stripping roller , crushing roller, trumpet, calendring roller, coiler. WORKING PRINCIPLE: The main objective of taker inn is cleaning,for increasing cleaning intensity we can increase number of rollers but maximum we can use 3 rollers, there is also a grid bar arrangement. The profile of taker inn is coarse than profile of main cylinder and doffer. In main carding zone there is a main cylinder whose speed and circumfernce is greater than taker inn. Above main cylinder there is a revolving flats arrangement.There is total 80 flats in which 30 are in working condition, distance between flats and cylinder is equal to staple length.lever is also present there to move cylinder upward and downward.flats are used to produce combing effect and to remove short fibres because short fibres stick on the profile of flats and when these flats move upward there is a brushing rollers which remove short fibres
A design concept for nanowire-based sensors and arrays is described in this paper which cannot only overcome all the inherent limitations of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Nanowires but also avoids the tedious and expensive post growth assembly process. Thi
NANO WIRE GROWTH FOR SENSOR ARRAYS ABSTRACT: "The principles of physics do not limit our ability to manipulate things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big." --Richard Feynman These were the words of the legendary scientist, which resulted in the evolution of the technology, which was a dream at present known as Nanotechnology.Nanotechnology is a hybrid science combining engineering, chemistry and biology to certain extent. It is actually a multitude of rapidly emerging technologies, based upon the scaling down of existing technologies to the next level of precision and miniaturization A design concept for nanowire-based sensors and arrays is described in this paper which cannot only overcome all the inherent limitations of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Nanowires but also avoids the tedious and expensive post growth assembly process. This fabrication technique involves electrodeposition to directly grown nanowires between patterned thin film contact electrodes. To prove our concept, we have demonstrated how to electrodeposit 1micrometer diameter Pd single wires and small arrays. We have also shown the fabrication of bundled nanowires which are much more sensitive.To demonstrate nanowire sensors, we have shown the electrochemically