Sustainabilty and Environmental Issues
INTRODUCTION In 1987 the world conference on Environment and Development published a report named, "Our Common Future" (WCED, 1987), which often known as the "Brundtland Report", after its chair, at that time the Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Bruntdtland. The report used the words "Sustainable Development" widely and defined it as "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED, 1987). The report is said to have put sustainable development into the political arena of international development and reasoning. It has been translated so far into 24 languages (Finger, 1994) and also its explanation and definition of the term still remains that which is widely acknowledged and used mostly by a wide range of people. In 1992, the United Nations conference on the Environment and Development, the "Earth Summit" which was held in Rio de Janeiro Brazil was the largest ever international conference to have taken place at that time. Over 170 governments were represented (Adam, 2001) and a further 2,500 NGOs and 8000 accredited journalist (O'Riordan, 2000). The major purpose for it all was to spot the principles for a plan of action for sustainable development in the future years to come. Concepts of Sustainable Development Sustainable development refers to maintaining development over time. In
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION (IMO)
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION (IMO) Transportation of goods over the world can be done by four modes which are railway, road, air and sea. Sea transportation is the one of the oldest transportation mode for many centuries. The number of ships and types increased rapidly in the last two centuries. For instance, the number of passenger fleets was 106 in 1972 but it is reached to 226 in 1998 (Alderton, 2004). This growth leads sea traffic busy with various types of ships carrying million tons of cargoes and passengers. As a consequence of this, unexpected accidents started to come out with fatal casualties. Some safety regulations must be taken both onshore or offshore to state the responsibilities and safety measures for the marine industry. Regarding to this, countries needed to establish an organization to promote Marine safety. IMO is the first international maritime organization and was established in 1948 (IMO, 20/10/2005). It was first entered into force in 1958 and its aim is to ensure safety, to prevent human injury or loss of life and to avoid damage to the environment (IMO, 1992). This essay will explore the IMO conventions and the effectiveness of IMO to the marine industry. IMO is concerned with the three important points: safety, prevention and control. In order to be effective in these areas, rules and regulations must be applied within the conventions.
A safe seat for lightweight vehicles
A safe seat for lightweight vehicles The Working Group on Accident Mechanics has developed a low mass vehicle (LMV) with a curb weight of 650 kg, called "Cratch". This experimental vehicle demonstrates that a high level of passive safety for the occupants of low mass vehicles is achievable in frontal collisions (Frei 97). The development of a car seat suited for use in LMVs has been a part of this project. The seat is an important element of the restraint system: In the case of a frontal crash, the initial position of the occupant is defined by the contour and position of the seat, and, during the crash, a part of the occupant's kinetic energy is absorbed through deformation of the seat base. In rear-end impacts the seat represents the entire restraint system. During a collision against a conventional car, the low mass vehicle, due to the fundamental laws of motion, is exposed to higher accelerations and a larger change in velocity than its counterpart (Niederer 93). The seat presented here was specially adapted to these severe conditions. Nevertheless, almost every feature of the concept could easily be adapted for use in conventional cars. The main focus of the development was on the improvement of the rear-end impact safety, which represents a substantial problem, also for conventional cars. Compared to the considerable improvements of crash safety in frontal and side
Assessment of the response of lateritic clay component of a landfill lining system to exposure to landfill leachates BY: Mr Godwin EtonDepartment of Engineering Geology
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences COURSEWORK- CIV702 PROJECT BRIEF ON: ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE OF LATERITIC CLAY COMPONENT OF A LANDFILL LINING SYSTEM TO EXPOSURE TO LANDFILL LEACHATES BY: Mr Godwin Eton Department of Engineering Geology A59089203 .0 INTRODUCTION .1 Statement of the Research Problem Solid wastes comprising refuse, garbage, sludge, slurries, etc. are unwanted heterogeneous materials, residue from domestic (household etc.), commercial, industrial and agricultural activities (Leton, 1990). Disposal of solid waste could be by pre-treatment, incineration, composting, landfill or any desirable combination of them (Leton & Omotosho, 2004). Landfill is by far the cheapest known method of final disposal of solid waste. One very undesirable by-product of landfill operation is the leachate or contaminated water produced by rainfall on the surface of waste which percolates, picking up and/or dissolving soluble material pollutants-organic, inorganic, etc. If unchecked, leachate seriously pollutes natural water sources. To prevent this pollutants from contaminating the ground water system below the landfill, the new landfill regulations by EC (in the form of the landfill Directive of 1999) demand that landfill must be lined by clay liners or geotesynthetic liners. Clay is also used as a liner because of its
Electronic Design and Application
Electronic Design and Applications Bipolar Junction Transistor and Operational Amplifiers Introduction In 1904-1947, a vacuum tube was the electronic device of development and interest. In the year 1904, the vacuum tube diode was introduced by J.A. Fleming. Thereafter in 1906, Lee De forest added a the third element called the control grid, to the vacuum diode resulting in the first amplifier called the triode. A transistor is a three layer semiconductor device consisting of either two n- or one p- type layers of material or two p- and one n-type layers of material. The first one is called an npn transistor while the other is called a pnp transistor. Bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal device constructed of doped semiconductor material and can be used in amplifying or switching applications. It is called "bipolar" because its operation involves both electrons and holes participating in the injection process of oppositely polarized material. The diagram below shows the two types of bipolar transistors: The terminals above indicated by capital letters means C for collector, E for emitter and B for base. Biasing is the process of applying an external voltage across two terminals in order to get a response. Biasing of the common-base configuration in the active region can be determined easily by using the fact that Ic is approximately equal to Ie and also
Steel Reinforcement Tension Test
Introduction: Steel Reinforcement Tension Test can be conducted in two experiment session: * Two deformed grade 460 high yield steel bars * Two plain round grade 250 mild steel bars Both steel bars conform to the relevant requirements of BS 4449:1988; have a nominal diameter of 20 mm, and a length of approximately 800 mm. Objectives: * Practice tension testing of steel bars as reinforcement for concrete according to Hong Kong current standards. * Determine geometrical and mechanical properties of steel reinforcements including nominal cross-sectional area, yield stress, tensile strength, nominal stress at fracture, and elongation over gauge length, reduction of cross-sectional area at necking section, and modulus of elasticity. * Check compliancy of the determined properties of the steel reinforcements with relevant Hong Kong standards. Apparatus: . Testing machine equipped with an extensometer with a plotter for drawing load-extension curve (fig. 1) Fig. 1 2. straight edge (fig. 2) Fig. 2 3. A caliper (fig. 3) Fig. 3 4. A metal saw for making marks on the specimens (fig. 4) Fig. 4 5. weighing equipment (fig. 5) Fig. 5 6. metal ruler (fig. 6) Fig. 6 Procedure: i. The mass (M) and length (L) of the bars were measured. The diameter of plain mild steel bar (Dp) was also measured. Dp is used in this experiment to calculate sectional area for comparison
Explanation Of Pathway
Christos Kyriacou Explanation of Pathway 1 I am currently studying at Southgate sixth form; I am doing a business-applied course. It is a double award course. At the end of these two years I will have a GCE AS Double Award. Half way through the second year I will be Applying to universities that I would like to carry on my studies at, the universities that I would like to apply to are London South Bank University, University of Westminster and The University of Bolton, I would like to apply to these universities as they are the main universities which specialize in building and construction courses and are the universities that have the best reputation for these courses. The type of grades that I will need to get accepted into one of these universities is in a Vocational & GCE a levels course I will need at least a C grade in a six - unit award. The university that I will be my first choice will be London South bank university, my reasons or this being my first choice is that, it is the best university out of the 3 universities I have chosen and it is also the best university in London to study building surveying. Strength of this university is that it is located in London this means that I will not have to move out of my house to study for my degree, this also means that I don't have to travel far everyday, it is also very easy to get to. As there are many easy means of
Researching careers in engineering.
Introduction Mechanical engineering interests me because I've always had a curiosity about designing cars and buildings. As a young lad I loved constructing creations with Lego, playdough and Meccano. Presently I enjoy the two crucial subjects necessary for Mechanical Engineering, which are math and science. I have always received excellent grades in both subjects in the past. Two of my cousins in India are engineers and they both say engineering is a respectable and rewarding profession. In addition I have gone to Go West engineering camp at UVic for the past two years and I have found it both insightful and thought provoking. The camp leaders one of which was a mechanical engineer, told us of the various types of engineering fields, however mechanical engineering interested me the most. I think because we got to design a robot out of Lego and program it so that it could find its way through a maze. Another reason why I chose mechanical engineering is because there are so many interesting fields you can specialize in, for example, aerospace, energy, robotics, and transportation. Also I learned that recent studies indicated that 40% of all engineering openings were for graduates of mechanical engineering, which means I'd probably have a job once I graduate! Job Description Mechanical engineers take science and math and apply them to real world situations.
BMS Fire Alarm System
Contents Front Sheet.....................................................................................................1 Contents Page................................................................................................2 .0 Introduction...................................................................................................3 2.0 System Performance......................................................................................3 3.0 Main Component Parts & Their Function....................................................4 3.1 Fire Alarm System................................................................................4 3.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)........................................................5 3.3 Smoke Detector, Beacon & Sounder combined...................................5 3.4 Heat Detector, Beacon & Sounder combined......................................5 3.5 Manual Break Glass Unit.....................................................................6 4.0 Operation (of Main Components)..................................................................6 4.1 Fire Alarm System................................................................................6 4.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel.....................................................................6 4.3 Smoke/Heat Detector, Beacon & Sounder
This is a technical report on how the adoption of the recommendations of the Egan Report may improve the construction technology and the construction process of projects.
Content:- page . Acknowledgement 3 2. Brief 3 3. Introduction 3 4. Background to the subject 3 5. The current position 4 6. Case study 1 (Scottish parliament) 5 6.1 - Project overview 6 6.2 - Reason for increased costs and late delivery 6 6.3 - Recommendations 7 7. Case study 2 (University of East London) 8 7.1- Project overview 8 7.2- Recommendation 9 8. Conclusion 9 9. Bibliography and reference 10 . Acknowledgement Sincere thanks goes to Napier University for providing good library and computer facilities. 2. Brief This report is an overview on the recommendations of the Egan Report, particularly on the 'integrated project process'. With the help of demonstration projects the report also analyse how these recommendations may improve the construction technology and the construction process of similar future projects. The demonstration projects used in this report are found in Scotland and in England. . The Scottish Parliament building 2. University of East London 3. Introduction The Egan Report was published by Sir John Egan on the 16th of July 1998. The aim of the report is to emphasise the findings made by the construction task force. The construction industry is regarded as one of the major indicators of the state of a country's economy. Too many