Museum Report - The Cloisters - In medieval Europe, religion formed the center of life for almost everyone, and it created a unifying force throughout the continent. The church governed every aspect of life
ISI 201 Museum Report - The Cloisters January 26, 2002 In medieval Europe, religion formed the center of life for almost everyone, and it created a unifying force throughout the continent. The church governed every aspect of life, and people viewed it with equal parts reverence, fear, and awe. The dominance of the Church is reflected in the art of the period. Almost all of the art of the time revolves around religious themes, and much of it was created for display or use in the church. While religion was almost invariably the subject of art, changes in society brought about changes in the aspects of religion portrayed and the light in which it was interpreted. As technology developed, advances were evident in art as well as churches and monasteries. Painters developed techniques that allowed them to represent their subjects with more realism and precision. Paintings began to appear lifelike, and even three-dimensional. New methods of construction allowed stone structures to be built higher and with more intricate details, as the concern of collapse under the weight of the stone was alleviated. The mention of architecture raises the question of art versus craft, and it is a valid concern. While in today's industrialized world, there is a fairly clear distinction, this has not been the case in all societies. We typically think of art as
A Critical Analysis of the Sack of Limoges (1370) according to Jean Froissart
A Critical Analysis of the Sack of Limoges (1370) according to Jean Froissart The Battle of Limoges was Edward, the Black Prince's final military action of his life and as a consequence has grave implications on how it was subsequently viewed as the one blemish on his otherwise glorious reputation1. It is used as an example of 'butchery in medieval warfare and of the Black Prince's cruelty'.2 Even though he was not infringing on chivalric code, 'inherent inhuman viciousness has often been attributed to the Black Prince' due to the actions carried out at Limoges. Which Barbara Emerson has stated does not fit with his pervious leadership style. At one point in the Nájera campaign, the Black Prince forbade Don Pedro to kill the townsfolk of a taken town.3 However we have to ask what about Limoges was cruel? Was it the supposed massacre that Froissart tells us it was? How was the Black Prince's illness affecting his decision making and did he in fact remain chivalric throughout the campaign? For example there are now some major inconsistencies between what modern scholars and academics believe and what Froissart tells us. So the final question one has to ask is, can we still find use in Froissart as a historical source? Froissart is one of the major contemporary sources for us in finding out about the life and actions of the Black Prince. Writing his chronicles in French, he
How important were the political and economic factors in the Christianization of Vikings
How important were political and economic factors in the Christianization of the Vikings? The Vikings were often described as being the 'people who came from Scandinavia'1, the 'fierce race of the Danes, of the Norwegians, or of the Swedes,'2 who plundered and pillaged their Christian neighbours. The Viking raiders not only put an economical strain on the Christendom, but as the Latin Christian, Byzantine and Islamic political powers grew in authority, their successful conversions became a trophy of the success for the warring political powers. Although the Viking society functioned differently under the Old Norse religion to Christian societies of the time, the political and economic factors that surged through Europe resulted in Viking dominance gradually fading away as Christianization 'moved the centre of the world.'3 Christianity was more advantageous to the king as it asserts that he had been anointed by God to his position of power. If we take the example of Sweden during the pre-Christian Viking era, royal decisions had to be ratified by assemblies, which the king could manipulate, but could not control. These assemblies, known as 'thingar' in Old Norse, existed throughout Medieval Scandinavia. The Danish king, on the other hand, could make decisions without them.4 This aristocratic way of rule can be compared to the king's aristocratic superiority within
Do the English Mystery Plays distort message of their biblical sources in adapting them for outdoor public performance?
Assignment 2 Karina Malhotra 0227559 Medieval to Renaissance English Literature Seminar Tutor: Dr. Amanda Hopkins Do the English Mystery Plays distort message of their biblical sources in adapting them for outdoor public performance? (Refer to at least three plays.) The word 'Mystery' comes from the Latin word "mysterium," meaning "handicraft" or "office." Thus, the artisan or working guilds were called "mysteries," and hence when these guilds took over the performance of the religious dramas based on the bible, those plays came to be known as the "mystery plays." The tremendous flowering of such medieval drama had its roots in religion. There developed three kinds of dramatic forms: the mystery, miracle and the morality plays. The morality play developed about two centuries later than the mystery and miracle plays and is different in dramatic structure and purpose. These secular religious plays in turn developed out of even earlier forms of religious drama. These liturgical plays started out having strong religious foundations and were performed chiefly in Latin - the language of the Bible. The aim of such plays was to familiarize the common man i.e. the artisan and working guilds with the words of God. But as these plays became more and more popular and elaborate, vernacular elements were introduced and the laity also began to participate in the performances.
Write about an incident in which you had to leave a place you knew well.
Write about an incident in which you had to leave a place you knew well. * You could write about a real or an imaginary experience. * Punctuation. * Spider diagram * Atmosphere * Vocabulary 38,000 years in the future mankind is constantly at war with Alien races and mankind is spread throughout the galaxy. One of the most modern and populated worlds is Necromunda a world where gangs fight to the fight to the death for the profits of ruling houses they have never met. On Necromunda there are many strange creatures, but also strange people, people with psychic abilities. It could be just little things like being good at cards by sensing the opponent's hand to extremely powerful abilities like telekinesis or ignighting someone at will. Karloth Varlos was one such person he could sense the thoughts of others, which gave him endless nightmares. Their thoughts pounded at his consciousness like waves against the shore. Karloth loved his home it wasn't the best place to live but it was home. Karloth didn't want to leave but he had to, the endless pain was too much for him, so he waved goodbye to his previous home and ran away to the underhive. Alone amidst the crawling horror of the badzones Karloth foraged for a few miserable morsels of food he was pursued by relentless plague zombies, a pack of shambolic carnivores hungry for his flesh. Karloth ran until his feeble body
the Aztec rebellion against the Conquistadors Formatted
The Aztecs were one of the most powerful empires in the world, stretching across Central America and becoming perhaps the most successful American civilisation in its time. They were a deeply religious society that sacrificed thousands every year, and most of the families within the Aztec society lived a wealthy/happy life. Two main facets of Aztec Culture were Aztec arts and crafts. Aztec art had many uses, but for all its beauty, ancient Aztec art was merely a form of religious expression and a means for paying tribute to their gods. In the Aztec society, the Aztec political and religious systems were symbiotic, and through religious art, mythical and religious concepts legitimised the power of the State. Aztec art, like most forms of ancient art had an artistic language predominantly through the form of iconographic symbols and metaphors, like the Sun, an eagle or a jaguar. These symbols also had their corresponding gods or important people. Images of serpents were linked t o the gods Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli, sometimes Quetzalcoatl, and an eagle or jaguar symbolized the warrior and the sun god. Now for some history - The Aztec civilisation lasted for over 300 years, but for a very long time before that they were merely nomadic and mercenary tribes who aligned themselves with local states to sustain themselves, and many of their pictograms originated from this.
In his article "The populations of France and Quebec", Franois Drieu tries to establish a comparison between the French and the Quebeckers.
WOZNIAK Amandine 10234867 ESLN 400A Monday, December 2, 2002 FOURTH ESSAY CRITICAL THINKING The populations of France and Quebec Vincent Drieu, 1998 In his article "The populations of France and Quebec", François Drieu tries to establish a comparison between the French and the Quebeckers. This reasoning is not completely devoid of sense, on the contrary, it is rather logical. Indeed, French and Quebeckers have a certain common background; French people are still affectionately nicknamed "our French cousins" by the Quebeckers. However, this article is above all characterized by a lack of objectivity. There is absolutely no doubt that the author comes from Quebec; it is also obvious he knows only few things about France. As a French person, my point of view will probably be biased too. But, I think it can be interesting to shed new light on this subject. That is why my essay is built on the necessity of new enlightenment in the comparison between the populations of France and of Quebec. The essay will consist of an analysis of the shortcomings in the form of the article by François Drieu and a correction of misconceptions in its content. . Analysis of the shortcomings in the form: The first criticism can be addressed to the organization of the text. The structure of the article seems effective; it seemed like the author had organized his ideas well: he wants to
America has been blessed with more than her fair share of stellar individuals.
America has been blessed with more than her fair share of stellar individuals - people who have stepped up in a time of dire need and performed above and beyond the needs and requirements of the times. The reason for this, I believe, is that we are such a diverse and varied lot. We come from all types of backgrounds with an entire spectrum of talents and experiences from which to draw. No matter what type of individual the problems of the times require, there is someone in this primordial melting pot of players that will have just the right mix of talents and abilities to fit the purpose. There are the obvious ones, i.e. Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Lincoln ... the list, of course, goes on. These are intellectuals and patriots who have led us, sometimes by the nose and in spite of ourselves, through the darkest and the most pivotal times in our history. But I am afraid that we sometimes are blinded by their luminescence which causes us to lose focus of the stars which burned perhaps, not quite so bright, or maybe for a shorter period of time. Perhaps the arena in which they worked was not as well known or less exposed to the world, but their work and achievements demand the same accord as their more published cousins. One of these individuals was the famed "Swamp Fox" of the Revolutionary War's southern campaign. Francis Marion was born in 1732
How far must we consider the Norman Conquest as a Military victory
How far must we consider the conquest a military victory? When the Normans arrived on the shores of England in 1066, it is considered one of the key dates in English history. Even though the country had been subject to the arrival of foreigners for centuries beforehand, it was these invaders who managed to establish a firm government and lineage of kingship that lasts in some respects to this day. While there has often been debate amongst historians as to the causes and effects of the Norman Conquest, it is my wish to establish whether the Conquest rested purely on the military might of these invaders, or whether it was their supposedly new ways of governing England that enabled them to remain in the country on a permanent basis. Whilst there are some who put forward the argument that "the most significant change reflecting overseas movement came in the twelfth century with the government of Henry I, the civil war of Stephen's reign and the reorganization of the kingdom by the Angevin Henry II"1, it is my belief that the Conquest was "not considered complete until 1075"2at the point where it became clear that the Normans would not be overthrown and their rule was accepted by the people. When thinking about the Norman conquest, a great deal of importance is placed around and upon the battle of Hastings and the way in which William I imposed his rule upon the English (such as
'How far did European Society become less religious as a result of the 'Age of Revolutions'?
'How far did European Society become less religious as a result of the 'Age of Revolutions'? The 'age of revolutions' were seen by many and still are, as a time of extreme change, conflict and hostility, perhaps induced or brought about by new changes in thought, interpretation of natural law, religious ideals and the ruling authority/government. The revolutions of Europe furthermore provided large parts of society with the strong and fervent belief that different systems within this world could indeed be challenged and that new ideologies could be implemented and maintained. The French Revolution seemed to usher a new confidence into the common people, with the belief that they could actually change things and that it was possible and maybe even their right to dissociate themselves from the ancien regime, the old and seemingly rigid structure from whence they had come. It is essential to consider the legacy of intellectual movements such as the enlightenment with regard to the effect of secularisation within Europe within the period 1750 to 1850. If indeed the 'age of revolutions' did have an effect upon religious change and conformity, we must not presume that it was simply this one factor that produced this change. Now it is of great importance that we recognise the nomothetic nature of the question, in as far as the question states in one sense an area too vast to be
