EI-D-'Puritan attempts to change the Church settlement of 1558-59 were utterly unsuccessful during the following three decades.' How far do you agree with this judgement?
EI-D-'Puritan attempts to change the Church settlement of 1558-59 were utterly unsuccessful during the following three decades.' How far do you agree with this judgement? To some extent this statement is correct, the Puritans hardly had any influential effect on the religious settlement, either because of lack of support or because they're efforts were crushed by the Queen. However scratch beneath the surface and we can see that perhaps they were not the most powerful faction in government but in the localities the puritans had a tremendous influence on the laity, which as will be explained later, helps to create a receptive audience to the increasingly Protestant changes in the next three decades. The statement is supported by the attempts from Puritans to pass legislation through parliament. For example when William Strickland amended the Alphabet Bills in 1571 to condemn kneeling at communion and the surplice. His attempts were vetoed by Elizabeth immediately. This is very typical of Puritan efforts to pass puritan ideas through parliament. They had neither the significant numbers nor powerful positions in parliament to make significant legislation be passed. Most importantly Elizabeth had the power to stop any legislation that she did not like or thought unsuitable. The Puritan attempts to pass legislation to change the Church settlement were unsuccessful mainly
Assess the role and importance of Hernan Cortes in the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
Assess the role and importance of Hernan Cortes in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The most fundamental question to be asked of any study into the Spanish conquest of Mexico is how was there ever a conquest at all? Even by European standards of the period, the arrogance required for such a venture is almost comic in its scale and expectations. That a relative handful of Spanish sailors might engage an established civilization of millions and emerge victorious in the matter of 31 months makes the conquest of 1519 one of history's greatest military feats. Historians have struggled to unravel the foundations of this overwhelming success. This is primarily due to the lack of and inaccuracy of primary accounts. Those that survive, either Spanish or Native American, are invariably conflicting or biased in nature. It has been left to historians to piece together these divergent accounts. Although one definite conclusion may never be reached, it is possible to draw on this research to lay down the key factors of the conquest and thus form a judgement upon the significance of Hernan Cortes' leadership. Although the role of Hernan Cortes is central to this question, other factors must be weighed in comparison. Ross Hassig1 lays out nine key factors behind the collapse of the Aztecs, the personal characteristics of Cortes being just one. This is not to downplay Cortes' role in the
Mary Queen Of Scots Essay
Why was Mary executed in 1587? There are many different causes leading up to Mary, Queen of Scots execution in 1587. These can be split into 3 different sections; Log term, Short term and Trigger. In this essay, I will be explaining what causes are in these 3 sections and how they contributed to Mary's' death. As soon as Mary arrived in England, she was a huge threat to Elizabeth. This was because she was Elizabeth's only heir to the throne. This meant that Mary immediately became the focus for disaffected nobles or Catholics that wanted a change of monarch. To sum up, if anyone wanted Elizabeth out of the way, it would be Mary they would go to for help. In addition, some Catholics believed Elizabeth to be illegitimate in the eyes of God, because her parents marriage was not blessed by the pope, However, as Mary's parents marriage was blessed by the pope, Catholics believed her to be the rightful queen of England. Elizabeth feared that because of this, English Catholics could rebel against her, and eventually, throw her off the throne. One of the short term causes that lead up to Mary's execution was the St. Bartholomew's day Massacre, 1572. This was when thousands of Protestants were massacred by the French Catholics. This suddenly increased Elizabeth's fear and suspicion of English Catholics and increased her hostility towards Mary. Moreover, when Catholic Priests
Assess the impact of the opening of the Atlantic World in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries on the future economic development of the Caribbean region
The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Faculty of Humanities and Education Department of History Coursework Assignment Name: Lyndon C. Harrington ID#: 809001640 Course: Caribbean Economic History (Hist. 2005) Lecturer: Dr. Heather Cateau Question #1: Assess the impact of the opening of the Atlantic World in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries on the future economic development of the Caribbean region Greed is an excessive desire to possess wealth or goods; the word greed in Latin can also be known to mean avarice or covetousness and like the sins of lust and gluttony, the sin of greed is one of excess. Now define irony, the same people who came to the Caribbean to colonize in the name of God were compelled by greed. Saint Thomas Aquinas, can be quoted as saying that greed was "a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things." This is beside the point, however, if we look at the opening of the Atlantic World as what it represented other than what it was at surface level, the assessment would be greater. It is premised that, following the rise of sustained European contact with the New World in the 16th Century, the continents that bordered the Atlantic Ocean - the Americas, Europe and Africa - constituted a regional system or common sphere of economic and cultural exchange. During this time
How religious was the tenth-century reform?
How religious was the tenth-century reform? The monastic reform that occurred in tenth-century England could be said to have both political and religious dimensions to it. Ostensibly, it was an attempt to return to a 'golden age' of Benedictine monasticism of the seventh and eighth centuries, which had been responsible for producing Bede. Contemporary England, it was felt, with its increasingly secular minsters, was far removed from this vision of the past. Reform, which involved replacing secular clerks with monks adhering to St. Benedict's Rule and promoted by Dunstan, Oswald and Aethelwold, took place on a fairly erratic basis during the reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig. It was not till Edgar ascended to the throne in 959 that the reform process really began to get underway, standardised in the Regularis Concordia of circa 970. The political aspect of the reform is related to its timing: the attempted unification of monasterial practice coincided with the unification of England, as Edgar gradually asserted West Saxon supremacy over the rest of England. The reform could also be said to have increased the king's power by reducing the influence of local aristocrats with the removal of secularium prioratus, arguably one of the factors in the so-called anti-monastic reaction which followed Edgar's death. In light of this, the tenth-century reform can easily be perceived as
To what extent can Wolsey be considered the master rather than the servant in policy decisions under Henry VIII
To what extent can Wolsey be considered the "master rather than the servant" in policy decisions under Henry VIII From humble beginnings as the son of an Ipswich butcher, through his meteoric rise in the royal court, to his unrivalled position in the English Church, Thomas Wolsey has often been seen as a controversial and derided figure. Some see him as "alter rex", or second king, the real power behind the throne, while others view him as the puppet of Henry VIII, always prepared to do as the King bid. This essay will look at the rise, career and subsequent downfall of Thomas Wolsey in order to examine the extent to which he was the master rather than the servant in policy decision made under Henry VIII. Thomas Wolsey was born in about 1472, the son of an Ipswich butcher and owing to his high intellect, was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he achieved academic success and graduated with a BA (Gwyn, 2002). He was ordained as a priest in 1498 and one of his first positions was in service to Richard Nanfan, governor of Calais (Elton, 1991, Guy, 1990, Gwyn, 2002). On Nanfan's death in 1507, Wolsey made the significant move to the royal household, becoming chaplain to Henry VII (ibid). He made a considerable impression on the King who, recognising Wolsey's diplomatic skill, sent him on missions to the Low Countries and Scotland. Gwyn (2002) suggests that Henry VII
In all his endeavours Leonardo favoured innovation over established knowledge and the traditions of his craft. There are examples of areas where Leonardo prevailed as a magnificent innovator, for e.g. the Sforza horse. Dedicated to the Sforza dynasty of M
In all his endeavours Leonardo favoured innovation over established knowledge and the traditions of his craft. TMA2 The unique genius Leonardo da Vinci born April 1452, died 1519 was self educated, a medieval man of several disciplines, was also a pupil of extreme empiricism. Specializing in the theories of experimentation followed by reason, it stands as evident that Leonardo regarded the traditions of his craft as a secondary principal against the might of innovation. The artist and engineer gave the world some of the most valued sources of knowledge, yet he utilised traditional crafts to do this. "Gould tries to make the case that Leonardo was amazing in the accuracy of his empirical conclusions but he used his basically medieval and renaissance concept of the universe to pose the great question1" The traditional crafts were a mechanism for Leonardo to wield at his will. It was those who surrounded Leonardo such as Verrocchio who sowed the seeds of excellence in the mind of his young protégé during the changes of the renaissance. In the family business Leonardo learnt the traditions of glazing and furnaces from a young age, along with sculpture and mouldings. Then in Florence Leonardo learned the value of a master's skill accompanied by the talented artisans of the era There are examples of areas where Leonardo prevailed as a magnificent innovator, for e.g. the Sforza
'A religious settlement of her own choosing.' How far is this an accurate view of the settlement of the Church of England under Elizabeth I?
'A religious settlement of her own choosing.' How far is this an accurate view of the settlement of the Church of England under Elizabeth I? Doctrine Organisation Religious Practices Of Elizabeth's choosing Act of Uniformity: Book of common prayer. Injunctions Raising of the Host Wording of the Eucharist. Catholic style hierarchy: Bishops control clergy Act of Supremacy Vestments Ornaments Against Elizabeth's wishes st Act of Uniformity Many Bishops refused the oath Crucifix Affair The religious settlement imposed by Elizabeth to the Church of England was mainly of her own choosing, however compromises were made throughout her reign. The religious settlement was based upon Elizabeth's need for religious uniformity for the stability of her crown, therefore these compromises were made to keep the nation content with the religious climate to prevent uprisings against Elizabeth that might threaten her stability on her throne. The opposition Elizabeth did face was more of a struggle between the House of Lords, the Queen, and the Bishops over matters that Elizabeth found middle ground on that appeased both religious factions. In principle Elizabeth chose the religious settlement that most suited her political needs. Organisation of the Church was crucial if Elizabeth was to impose her wishes on the Church of England. Elizabeth chose a Catholic style hierarchy,
British Civilisation - The Church of England - What are the principal motives underlying religion legislation in the reign of Queen Elisabeth?
The Tudor dynasty - 1485-1603 - marked a brand-new period of powerful Monarchs and corresponded with a flowering of English History in terms notably of Religious settlement of the Kingdom. The most remembered and successful monarchs, essentially in terms of general politics and popularity among the English people, are Henry VIII and Elisabeth I. Indeed, right after Henry's death, the main struggle in the country was between people who believed in the Catholic and Protestant beliefs. Over a number of years, the prevailing religious form depended on the beliefs of the ruling with Edward or Mary. Thus, Elizabeth I inherited a tattered realm: dissension between Catholics and Protestants tore at the very foundation of society. Her very first role as Queen of England was then to settle the succession and religious questions, very chaotic and undefined since her siblings' policies, in order to remain on the Throne. * * * The first year of Elisabeth's reign when she sat on the Throne of the English Kingdom in the November of 1558, was devoted to the settlement of immediate questions such as the succession itself, and the decision about supremacy and doctrine. Thus, in terms of proper and constructive settlement, Elisabeth had to create the Church she wished for the country. Indeed, what is known now as the "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" was composed of two main acts, namely the
What factors drew people away from the British Isles and towards the New World?
What factors drew people away from the British Isles and towards the New World? Did the attractions of the New World live up to their promise? It can be shown that large numbers of people decided to venture from the British Isles in the 1600s to colonise the new settlements in Virginia, in most cases believing that they would be bettering their position in life. They used their skills to work a new land where they would eventually (if an indentured servant) be able to own their own piece of land, an amount of typically fifty acres, and if a stockholder of the Virginia Company or not an indentured servant themselves, their fifty acres and as much again for any servants that they might send or bring to the colony.1 It will also be shown how religious based settlements were formed in the north-east of the country, why they chose to go there and whether it was as good as they would first have hoped. It will be proved, by the use of Bristol shipping records, that the bulk of people that emigrated from Britain to the Americas' went there by means of indentured servitude. They typically went for a period of four or five years, for those over the age of eighteen years and who were at liberty to do so. It will be concluded that although a hard and perilous existence for those that went, the rewards, either financial or spiritual, would make it a profitable enterprise, for those that