With reference to any major uprising against political authority, assess the relative importance of the reasons why it was either successful or unsuccessful.
With reference to any major uprising against political authority, assess the relative importance of the reasons why it was either successful or unsuccessful. The 1917 Russian Revolutions 1917 was the year that sparked one of the most studied periods in history. It is therefore imperative to examine the events of this year in detail and assess the relative importance of the reasons for the revolutions being successful for some groups of people, identifying who these were, also examine why it was unsuccessful for others, identifying who they were. Before examining the revolutions of 1917 must be stated that the February and October revolutions have been linked and combined to create the '1917 revolutions'. It is essential to highlight the different aims of the groups within Russian society before discussing the events and outcomes of the 1917 revolutions. These can then be used as reference, when examining the events leading to 1917, as to why they held these particular aims, and then investigating whether the revolution was successful for each group when examining the events of 1917, and why. To list the aims concisely it is necessary to generalise, as it is difficult to cater for small proportions within the classes and groups of Russian society's opposing beliefs. The aim of Tsar Nicholas II was to remain in power and if not, ensure the lineage of the Romanov family
French Revolution
Larisa Merrell Kindler/Robinson January 20, 2003 French Revolution Thoughts and opinions about the French Revolution have been thrown back and forth in stories, books, and novels. Novels, such as The Tale of Two Cities, Les Miserables, and The Scarlet Pimpernel portray the many sides of the French Revolution. People from other countries involved themselves in the raging conflicts that were scarring France, all sides put many brave efforts forth, and many resolutions were brought into view but turned down. France was in a dilemma that ripped down the country, and tortured each social class as the crisis thundered on. The bourgeoisie wanted more of a say in government, and the clergy and aristocrats demanded that they shouldn't be taxed. During the Old Regime, the bourgeoisie consisted of peasants and professional people equaling 95% of the French population. These two groups where harped upon and heavily taxed to help the government sustain a financial balance since the clergy and the aristocrats did not have to pay taxes. To help their case, the bourgeoisie wanted every representative to obtain a single vote when the three groups were brought together. From here, they formed the National Assembly, which included all 600 representatives of the bourgeoisie. When the National Assembly was rebuffed, the bourgeoisie acted against the government's decision and
Why did the Industrial Revolution Occur in Britain First?
The Industrial Revolution was a period between the eighteenth and nineteenth century that was characterized by continued economic growth as a result of industrialization. It witnessed extensive changes in almost every facet of society: agriculture, technology, demographic, finance, and many others. These changes stimulated a major transformation in the way of life, and created a modern urban society that was no longer rooted in agricultural production, but in industrial manufacture. In the late eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution made its debut in Great Britain and subsequently spread across Europe, North America and the rest of the world. Great Britain was able to emerge as the world’s first industrial nation through an amalgamation of numerous factors. Great Britain had succeeded in undergoing key preconditioning processes– the Agricultural Revolution, Financial Revolution and Scientific Revolution – before its European counterparts. Furthermore, Great Britain had several comparative advantages including its geographical location and nature, expanding empire and worldwide trade network, growing transportation network, rich supply of natural resources, ready supply of capital for investment, available labor supply and relatively high labor productivity, government support for innovation and economic changes, and expertise in tinkering with technology.
How was crime kept within tolerable bounds in England in the Eighteenth century?
How was crime kept within tolerable bounds in the eighteenth century? ________________ In theory, the eighteenth-century criminal law was an unyielding, fixed and bloody penal code espousing the death penalty for a broad range of property crimes. In practice, however, it was a flexible system with the opportunity for discretion by the judge and jury with pardon and negotiation. Moreover, as the period went on and a new set of priorities developed the law changed and developed considerably, albeit with considerable resistance. There was an expansion of types of punishment, both transportation and imprisonment, and methods of control, in particular the beginnings of a professional police force, a colossal change from the Bill of Rights in 1689, which banned a standing army. Crime was, thus, kept within tolerable bounds by the combination of fear by example on the gallows and a flexible system of pardon in accordance with circumstance initially in the period, and was maintained by the law’s ability to adapt to new demands and concerns by 1830. This can be shown by analysing the mechanisms of the law from the centre to the periphery, participation in law-making, the idea of fear combined with mercy, the culture of deference and then how changing public opinion and opportunities shaped new reforms. The idea of what ‘tolerable’ meant to the people of the eighteenth
To What Extent was Coal a Cause of the 18th Century Industrial Revolution?
Mandeep Gill David Zylberberg HIST 2400 A Nov 28, 2012 To What Extent was Coal a Cause of the 18th Century Industrial Revolution? The period of 1700-1869 had accumulated many factors which amounted to Britain’s great Industrial Revolution; one of these causal factors was coal, which many early historians argued had great importance to the British economy and was at the heart of the revolution. [1] However, this statement is more plausible to serve as a rebuttal to the much stronger argument that the coal industry is credited as an insignificant source of the Industrial Revolution as backed up by more contemporary research. There were enormous outputs of coal during this period which may have falsely justified the industry’s significance; however, an in-depth analysis of contributing factors credits the coal industry as a negligible contributor to the advance in national productivity through connections to railroads, steam power, and metallurgy.[2] Coal did not in effect transform the Industrial Revolution, but aided its progress. Firstly, its significance as a useful resource was not limited to the timeframe during which the revolution took place because the simple cycle of supply and demand at little price increases could have occurred earlier or Gill 2 later had these appropriate conditions applied.[3] This may be counter-argued with the claim that the extraction
'Divergence or Convergence?' Were the British American colonies becoming more like or less like Britain and each other in the eighteenth century?
In 1760, Benjamin Franklin declared that of the fourteen British colonies on the American mainland, no two were alike[1]. Sixteen years later the Declaration of Independence was signed separating these colonies from their mother land and partnering these supposed different colonies together. Topics including political and human rights, social development and class society need to be examined when comparing the colonies and Britain in the 18th Century. As well as these differences between the colonies and Britain, the divisions between northern and southern colonies highlight that though the emigrants shared many beliefs, others considerations such as slavery divided them. The majority of colonists were still loyal to the British crown during the period prior to 1776[2], even considering the differences between those British subjects in the colonies from those at home. In the context of British America, this essay will consider the theory that though the colonies had separate governors, laws and interests, they converged together during the mid to late 18th century. Sir Walter Ralegh dispatched an expedition in 1585 that landed at Roanoake Island[3]. This was the first manoeuvre by the English crown to establish colonies in America. The colony at Roanoake ultimately failed, but continued efforts saw later expeditions to Virginia and New England succeed. Unemployment within
From the available sources, what can we say about the roles and status of Aboriginal women in eighteenth and early nineteenth century indigenous society
Hilary King HST 210 42092671 ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET (for Open Universities Australia students) Centre for Open Education MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY NSW 2109 AUSTRALIA Office Use Only ** Unit Code HST 210 COE USE ONLY Date Received Unit Name Currency Lasses and Chesty Bonds Assignment No. Essay 1 Assignment Title From the available sources, what can we say about the roles and status of Aboriginal women in eighteenth and early nineteenth century indigenous society? Due Date 1.1.13 Name Family Name King Other Name(s) Hilary Student No. Macquarie ID 42092671 OUA ID 72607 Contact Telephone No. 0355786203 (Home) 03 55518225 (work) Postal Address (Block Letters) PO Box Branxholme, Vic 3302 MARKER’S COMMENTS ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Indigenous women had a strong and critical role in indigenous society before European contact. After contact, their role changed and then progressively diminished through the rest of the nineteenth century. Voice and perspective are critical in analysing and understanding how history is told and valued. Generally, historical information detailing the roles and status of Indigenous women in
The Industrial Revolution.
Brad Crane February 21, 2003 Western Civilization Dr. Kenyon IV. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution in Europe was actually sparked by the "agricultural revolution." Due to the introduction of new crops and changes in other agricultural practices, the agricultural business began to grow (Textbook pg 633). When landlords noticed this growth they began to make the most use of their land in order to make a bigger profit. One way in which they did this was to "enclose" the common lands. The enclosure movements occured when the landlords kicked farmers off of common land in order to raise sheep and cattle there (Textbook pg 633). When this took place, many farmers were left without jobs. Most of these farmers sought out work in the countryside as spinnters, knitters, and weavers (Textbook pg 634). This lead to the "putting-out system." The putting-out system took place when entrepreneurs "put out" raw materials that the individual workers, mostly farmers that were kicked off of the common lands, finished by weaving and spinning (Textbook pg 634). This in home labor helped many of the farmers out by giving them a second job to fall back on when the lands that they would normally be farming were out of season. Another reason that many people were getting into the business of cloth and other finished products was the rise in overseas trade. The rise in
Marxist Political Thought.
Josh Golladay Essay #3 Marxist Political Thought Gramsci and Lenin both had conceptions of the domination that is inherent in pre-capitalism and capitalist societies, the prospects for socialist revolution, and the roles of intellectuals and unions in that revolution. They both foresaw the same ultimate goal, being the utopian "paradise of workers" that is a socialist or communist society. However, Gramsci and Lenin differed in many ways in their views regarding the path and means by which the proletariat would overthrow capitalist society. Gramsci's method was more peaceful and gradual, but Lenin called for an immediate, violent rebellion. They also held very different views on the role of intellectuals, unions, and parties in society. Antonio Gramsci, through his ideas of hegemony, explains the social and political domination that exists in pre-capitalist and capitalist societies. It explains the perseverance of the capitalist mode of production. It expands on the idea that social and political domination by the ruling class is obtained by controlling this mode of production. Gramsci believes that the ruling class must also have hegemony to preserve capitalism, and therefore, their dominance. This concept of hegemony is essentially the consent of the proletariat and lower classes to be dominated and ruled by those in the bourgeoisie. This consent is achieved by
Stalin's rise to power
Following the death of Lenin, there was a sense of confusion as to who would lead Russia. The idea was Russia would be led by a 'Collective Leadership', consisting of Kamenev, Stalin, Trotsky and Zinoviev, as there was no layout for the election of a new leader. Stalin used this idea as a base to gain power within the Communist Party and the government. At the time, Russia was governed through the politburo. The politburo was a small assembly of key party officials that ran the Communist Party. The death of Lenin ignited a leadership contest especially between Stalin and Trotsky. The personalities of both men were crucial to the leadership contest. Stalin was more central to the Communist party whereas Trotsky represented the Left Wing of the party. Trotsky was an easy target for his rivals as he was a former Menshevik and was brought up in a Jewish family. Whereas Stalin was less known and stayed away from awkward debates. Stalin was considered by many as a 'grey blur'1 as he was someone who was a good administrator but lacked personality. As there was no leader of the Communist Party, and as Lenin was renowned as a main figure of the party. Stalin decided to use Lenin as way of getting the Russian people on his side. Stalin, did many things to associate himself with Lenin such as embalm Lenin's body so people could worship him but this did not go down to well with
