Honor determined ones place in society for 18th century Spaniards of New Mexico, and it had two parts to it, honor-status and honor-virtue. Slavery defined boundaries and gave meaning to this honor society;
Honor and Spaniards Honor, for 18th century Spanish colonists was first a value that determined one's place and reputation in a public eye, and it was the basis of pride and precedence, but first it had to be acknowledged by others. Man could earn or win honor, whereas women could only maintain or lose it; being without honor was considered worse than dead, which is why Indians and slaves were invisible to public eye and constantly mocked.1 Honor determined one's place in society for 18th century Spaniards of New Mexico, and it had two parts to it, honor-status and honor-virtue. Slavery defined boundaries and gave meaning to this honor society; Spanish were everything that Puebloans, slaves were not. Spaniards were conquerors, masters, noble and honest people; Spaniard with low level honor-status with no estate was still a man of honor and was considered above an Indian. Slave was a person who was invisible in the eyes of this society, as a defeated person, he or she was dishonored and faced with humiliation, mockery, and also the targets of racial hatred of the honor valued Spanish towns. As Ramon Gutierrez describes it, slaves were seen as irrational people, or "People lacking reason," with satanic darkness in them, versus Spaniards were rational beings who were honorable, civilized, white, and mainly because they were Christians, or "people of reason."2 As conquerors,
Assess the impact of industrialisation on working class women between c.1790 and 1850.
Assess the impact of industrialisation on working class women between c.1790 and 1850. The first industrial revolution of the world took place in Britain and re calls a number of images and ideas: mills, the steam engine, the railway, new class relations (the origin of the working class), changing of living standards and the essential figure of the working woman. From the working women came the archetype of the factory girl, who had been condemned for immoral behaviour and pitied for her hard workday. What I found very interesting while doing my research was that women working for Wedgewood porcelain in London where getting 3s 6d a day for painting, which from further research was only 2/3 of a top male workers rate. Women worked in a number of different jobs, which I will talk about each in turn and how they changed. However it is very hard to know the numbers which participated in each industry as, their was a lack of census before 1841, and the census define the "workforce" to include only those who economically help the country, so men were only included as seen as the 'Bread winner'. The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry, where a series of inventions created new demands for labourers. Between 1733 and 1793, inventors produced new machines, such as the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, and a water-powered loom, that speeded up the spinning and
To what extent did diplomacy effect the rise of the modern state from 1648-1815?
To what extent did diplomacy effect the rise of the modern state from 1648-1815? Kevin L. Boyd Norwich University Abstract Modern diplomacy had its beginnings with the Westphalia Treaties of 1648, and from thence forth began to mold and shape the nations of that day and continues up until the present. Looking at how diplomacy affected the rise of empires and the modern state between Westphalia and the Congress of Vienna subsequent to the exile of Napoleon Bonaparte on the isle of Saint Helena in July of 1815, we can see how diplomatic development affected the world as we know it today. This paper will also look at the different perspectives that author's Nation and Black have in regards to how and why modern states and their diplomacy developed. And it will also examine the growth of diplomacy and foreign relations as an institution which is now deeply entrenched in the operations of all modern states. Keywords: Westphalia, Congress of Vienna, diplomacy, foreign relations To what extent did diplomacy effect the rise of the modern state from 1648-1815? Prior to the Westphalia Treaties of 1648 interactions between nations was handled strictly by the kings, queens, emperors and other rulers who would simply send an envoy with a personal message. After the devastating Thirty Years War nations were pressed for peace and out of this destruction came the Westphalia
How did Lenin's foreign policy affect the world?
How did Lenin's foreign policy affect the world? "We despise you. We consider that you should be swept from the earth as government and physically destroyed as individuals. But since we are not strong enough to destroy you today we want you today from this interval to trade with us, to finance us...". George Kennan commented precisely Lenin's mayor aim from 1917 to pre WWII. By the Brest Litovsk (December 1917) the man with the "fiery intelligent eyes" (Lenin) came in contact with Germany, thus marking the beginning of a hypocritical foreign policy that would affect all political parties and the masses of Europe. The overcoming of the provisional government in Russia, was the event that finally gave ultimate power to a benevolent Marxist with the dream of "victory of world revolution". No other leader influenced the political spectrum of western nations, nor negotiated with the opposition (capitalist nations) for equality and freedom of the proletariat, although world revolution was not obtained which by no means matters nor compares to the influence imposed on nations due to Russian Foreign policy. The economic breakdown in Russia, the famine, the Krondstat mutiny and the domestic Russia as a whole shows Lenin's capability and faith to the Bolshevik of not backing out on communism. It was Leninist-Marxism , where Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov ever-growing desire to form a
Victorianism and the Second Industrial Revolution
Victorianism and the Second Industrial Revolution By: Bryan F. Armstrong Gambrell Western Civilization March, 29th 2004 The Victorian Age (1837-1902. named after Queen Victoria) was an age of "prudish", "repressed" and "old-fashioned" thoughts, ideals and also in home furnishings. This was also a time when the second Industrial Revolution came about creating new classes of society. Because of these newly made classes of society, there were many people who had were able to move up in the societies more prominent ones because of the new revolution. All of a sudden there was a great need of "new" ideas in furnishings and house-hold goods. But because very few of these people had actually decorated homes before they needed some type of help. Charles Eastlake cam up and wrote "Hints on Household Taste" published 1878. Mr. Eastlake saw many people decorating their homes by using mass produced furnishings, cheap imitations, and used gaudy attempts to impress their neighbors, so Eastlake wrote a resource book specifically for "proper" home decorating in the Victorian age. Women were now able to make decisions with better judgments in decorating, because of the use of this book. Charles Eastlake born in 1836, was an artist, architect and because of his disgust of interior decorating became an authority on home decoration. Eastlake published "Hints on Household Taste" at the age
Why did the first Industrial Revolution take place in Britain and what were its main consequences?
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Why did the first Industrial Revolution take place in Britain and what were its main consequences? The Industrial Revolution was said to have taken place at around 1760 when a series of inventions and technical breakthroughs were designed. These inventions completely transformed production technology. At this period of time, this transformation took place in cotton textiles with the invention of Arkwright's waterframe 1769, Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770 and Crompton's mule in 1779. The question has been asked by many people why would there be a wide ranging series of breakthroughs in the late 18th century and why did the Industrial revolution take place in Britain. Both of these questions are answered below because they are extremely important if we are to understand why the Industrial Revolution took place. The outstanding feature of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of something, which is known as the factory system. The factory system was associated with a development, which resulted in animal power being substituted by non-animal power. It is not just the technical changes of this period, which have made this period of time important, it is the changes between economics and social relations which are also considered important. I.e. the Capitalist-worker relationship which was developed. It is extremely difficult to give just one
Political Change and Revolution in Western Pennsylvania
Sean Schaefer November 4, 2002 Dr. Davin Political Change and Revolution in Western Pennsylvania Dr. Davin is correct in his analysis of political and class change as a revolution in Western Pennsylvania in his work "Blue Collar Democracy: Class War and Political Revolution in Western Pennsylvania, 1932-1937". This shows how the working class peoples of Western Pennsylvania took over the politics in their region and got power to make the changes in government they wanted to see happen. First, political change in Western Pennsylvania occurred. The long-dominant Republicans were pushed out of power by the workers in Western Pennsylvania. These people forced the Republicans out and brought into power the Democratic Party but added their own twist to it. They made it the first Labor Party. They wanted to end the feudal connection between the steel corporations and local government. "On November 2, 1937, seventeen of these company-run steel towns swept out long-dominant Republican incumbents and installed labor-oriented Democratic challengers. These administrations- composed entirely of SWOC members and their close allies-pledged to end the cozy, feudal partnership between local government and the giant steel corporations1". The political revolution was due to classes. The elections of the thirties seemed that it would all come down to class issues. The lower class
"On fait de la politique pour des raisons personnelles, mais en faisant de la politique on vise des fins qui dépassent l'individu." (JEAN BAECHLER) Discuss with reference to at least two of the authors you have studied.
"On fait de la politique pour des raisons personnelles, mais en faisant de la politique on vise des fins qui dépassent l'individu." (JEAN BAECHLER) Discuss with reference to at least two of the authors you have studied. The concept formulated by the historian and political writer Jean Baechler that political engagement is at the same time both individual and collective is not only valid for the characters portrayed in the works studied but also for the authors themselves. The wars which scarred the twentieth century brought with them deep and rapid social changes and a reassessment of values, particularly among French people whose lives had been affected by occupation, resistance and liberation. In the face of such events, many contemporary writers felt compelled to focus on the subsequent questions regarding the imminence of death, the nature of revolt and man's humanity. By focusing on such issues in their literature, writers are automatically bringing the issues that are important to them to a wider audience. The engaged writer takes on the role of a social critic involved in the situations he is portraying. By choosing to write on real political events, Malraux and Camus are appealing to their contemporary audience and readers, presenting them with characters facing familiar dilemmas. As far as Les Conquérants and Les Justes are concerned, 'la politique' is limited
Comment upon the view that Alexander II’s reputation as ‘Czar Liberator’ has been greatly exaggerated.
Comment Upon The View That Alexander II's Reputation As 'Czar Liberator' Has Been Greatly Exaggerated There is no doubt that Czar Alexander II had made various reforms on legal system, military, finance and education during his reign. The most important reform was the emancipation of serfdom in 1861. Many historians argued about whether Alexander II deserved the title of 'Czar Liberator' or not. There are lots of different point of views about his reforms and his title. Have Alexander II's reputation been greatly exaggerated? First of all, I would like to define 'liberator'. Liberate means 'free'. In deed, the emancipation of serfdom in 1861 carried out by Alexander II did liberate the peasants. It led to further reforms inevitably. Those reforms granted the Russians some basic right and freedom. Most of the historians agree that Alexander II really deserved the title 'Czar Liberator' although reforms he had carried out were limited and inadequate. Historians David Saunders accepts that although reforms were 'conceptually limited, poorly executed, incomplete, unsustained and insecure, the measures enacted by Alexander II nevertheless transformed the Russian Empire'. From the accession of Catherine the Great almost 100 years earlier, successive autocrats had one after another insisted that serfdom must go. It was really difficult for Alexander II to turn his back on the
Did the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century give birth to the modern world?
Did the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century give birth to the modern world? In the late sixteenth and throughout the seventeenth century, scientists changed the in way they understood the world. Innovations in scientific methodology, language and interpretation caused a shift from traditional scientific values to a radically different approach to the natural World. This period came to be known as the Scientific Revolution. As we shall see, the Scientific Revolution had consequences far outside the Lab. The implications were felt in politics, economics, and religion: the cornerstones of Society were shaken to the core by an emergent philosophy: the Philosophy of Modern Science. Any revolution aspires to overthrow a ruling regime, so what the Scientific Revolution trying to achieve? How was nature understood prior to the seventeenth century? Scientific reasoning was based mostly on the teachings of the Bible and the Ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Briefly, the teachings of Christianity stressed the idea of God the Creator. Natural phenomena could be explained as the will of God. The doctrine of Divine creation dictated to scientists the terms in which they reported their findings. Complementary to this was the Aristotelian view of the world. Aristotle advocated a naturalistic approach to the world. Objects in nature had a purpose for living - a spirit that
