American revolution
'What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington'. (John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 1815) What was the nature of these revolutionary changes 'in the mind'? Why did they occur? The American Revolution was a conflict that resulted in the thirteen North American colonies declaring independence from the British Empire. Despite the view held by some historians that the conflict is economic in origin, the American Revolution was more than people opposing taxation. Rather, the American Revolution was made possible by revolutionary ideas. Historians such as Ray Raphael argue that the American Revolution was in 'minds of the people' as it was incited by emerging ideas. Like Bernard Bailyn, Raphael contends that the American Revolution was not simply a social upheaval but rather was in the mind, as people's views of power and freedom changed1. These revolutionary changes in the minds of colonists were clearly a result of the Enlightenment ideology and the Great Awakening. The American colonists came to see the necessity of 'dissolving the bands'2 that held them to England as they observed policies being implemented that threatened their liberty3. To the
Bridging Faith and Scripture through J.S. Bach cantatas. Bach, who was himself a Lutheran, composed music that allowed the members of the congregations to identify themselves with the Scriptures
Rivera Barreto - - Amelia Rivera Barreto December 4, 2012 Western Music History II Kelley Harness Bridging faith and Scripture through J.S. Bach cantatas J.S. Bach’s cantatas can be analyzed from a purely formal and theoretical point of view and merely focus on the musical form and structure of his compositions with interesting results, but this would not do justice to the work itself which is much more than a series of pitches, rhythms and musical structure. For the Lutheran Church of the 18th Century, the cantatas had become a way to bridge the requirements of methodologically oriented Scripture interpretation and those of devotional texts written for music.[1] Bach, who was himself a Lutheran, composed music that allowed the members of the congregations to identify themselves with the Scriptures and understand them in order to prepare the congregation’s souls for the Second Coming of Christ. He made use of a number of musical devices such as fugues, different instrument and vocal ensemble combinations, variations on a theme, among other devices in order to present the biblical texts and support experience by the congregation of these texts. With this in mind, I will do a close reading of the cantata text to show the use of certain musical devices by Bach to help congregations understand and identify themselves with the Scripture. I will focus on Bach’s choice
The belief among select authorities has been that the primary cause of the revolution was the impact of the Enlightenment. Others have argued that notwithstanding the importance of social rigidities, the problem of overly high taxation
The significant impacts resulting from the intensification of political conflicts due to Enlightenment ideals, social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, ineffective ruling and unfair taxation, which generated popular discontent. The acumination of these causes lead to secondary effects including economic crises and foreign policy oversights. The resulting tertiary effect triggered the start of the French revolution in 1789-1799. In the nineteenth century, historical analysis that dealt with the connection between the Enlightenment and the revolution had become somewhat more complex. Initially, Enlightenment ideals were understood to have belonged primarily to the bourgeois[1]. However, investigations into the Cahiers de Dolances, “the list of grievances which was supposed to present the unanimous wishes of each community”[2] of the nobility and the bourgeoisie, found enlightenment ideals to be more prevalent in the cahiers of the nobility.[3] This development confirmed Dr. Marisa Linton's allegation that the ancien régime was challenged as much by influential critics within its organization as by the dissatisfactions of those outside of the elite class.[4] Dr. Linton rejected the notion of “slave writers”[5] – lower class writers- as extraneous due to the fact that members of the upper classes often financed their work.[6]
The Philosophes aimed to disenchant the World. Discuss
“The Philosophes aimed to disenchant the World.” Discuss The notion that the “philosophes aimed to disenchant the world” is an idealistic generalisation of its historical context, only applicable to the cultural contemporaries of Enlightened Eighteenth Century Europe. In this light, one can see how the philosophes aspired to do away with the traditions and superstitions, commonly superimposed by religion, so as to bring about an age of reason and rationality and with it, man’s liberty and progress. However, this idealism held amongst philosophes was restricted in both its theory and practice by the culture and society that characterised it. With society and social strata tempering the philosophes’ mentality, their rationality did not so much as disenchant the world, as it did offer new alternatives to the precedent that had been laid down by religious enchantment. This is seen with the differentiations of opinions held by philosophes and the historical criticisms that can be made of them. Likewise, society’s practice of the philosophes’ ideals of rationality and reason was not so much fuelled by the philosophes’ writings, as it was stimulated by the debate of such writings. In this sense, such debate resulted not in disenchantment per se, but a practical application of reason toward the reinterpretation of society’s makeup and administration. What becomes
Truth About the Noli - Almost all historians agree that the Noli Me Tangere is factual. The characters, events and places mentioned in the novel match that of the nineteenth century Philippines'.
Truth About the Noli Almost all historians agree that the Noli Me Tangere is factual. The characters, events and places mentioned in the novel match that of the nineteenth century Philippines'. In the words of Rizal he had tried "to reproduce the condition of his country faithfully and fearlessly, and has raised part of the veil that hides the evil, sacrificing to truth, including self-love." (Ozaeta. 1949. p. 78) He further clarifies, "The facts I narrate there are all true and have happened; I can prove them." (Zaide. 1999. p. 100) The novel embodies the indio's psyche. And who can best represent him but Capitan Tiago. The "pomposity, the false appearance, the submissiveness and obedience to the friars of those who do not wish to be disturbed in the least in their well-being and comfort." (Ozaeta. 1949. p. 74) Zaide provides a more specific person that was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas. While Tasio, the philosopher, who aims at a brighter future but cannot seem to reach it was Rizal's elder brother Paciano. (Zaide. 1999. p. 100) On the other hand, the personage of Ibarra cannot be assumed in real life as Jose Rizal himself; Although, the character's ideals are congruent with that of the author. Yet the most mysterious and romanticized character in the novel is Elias. He seems to possess "all the virtues of the villager: gratitude, abnegation, sacrifice, and
‘Rousseau subordinates liberty to equality’. Discuss.
'Rousseau subordinates liberty to equality'. Discuss. Jean Jacques Rousseau is seen as a key philosopher in modern political thought. His works focus mainly on popular sovereignty and equality for all within a state. This call for equality has seen him referred to as a great liberal thinker, but it is argued that he promotes the virtues of equality, which in turn conflict with some principles of liberty. Studying his work shows that Rousseau holds both these aspects in high regard, however, the way in which he sets out his proposals for running a state in The Social Contract show that equality precedes liberty in order of his virtues. There does not seem to be a conscious effort to place equality before liberty so it may seem that it is only in a practical interpretation that the subordination seems apparent. In this essay I shall look at the ways in which, academics that have studied Rousseau have shown that he subordinates liberty for equality. I shall then see if these criticisms are outweighed by other key concepts that are put forward in his works that may suggest liberty was just an integral part of his writings as equality. I shall briefly outline what is meant by the key terms of the question. Firstly liberty, meaning basically, freedom, particularly from any unnecessary restraints imposed by governmental authority. Liberty was one of the slogans of the French
What had the Bolsheviks achieved by 1924?
What had the Bolsheviks achieved by 1924? The October Revolutions of 1917 had saw the provisional government overthrown by the Bolshevik who with their Red Guards and aided by sailors of the Baltic Fleet moved through Petrograd and seized many important buildings and by 25 October 1917, the Bolsheviks led by the charismatic Lenin and Trotsky had by then seized the Winter Palace and arrested several key members of the Provisional Government, forcing Kerensky to leave the place. Since the October Revolution, Russia has seen the governance of the Bolsheviks for seven years from 1917-1924 when Lenin in the year 1924 passed away. Many historians have since debated furiously about how Russia has benefited under the Bolsheviks' rule and thus, the pertaining issue regards about what the Bolsheviks under Lenin's leadership have achieved by 1924. One of the major achievements of the Bolsheviks was the success they had with withdrawing Russia from World War I (WWI). Lenin had realized that one of major source of opposition towards the Provisional Government and the downfall of it had arisen from the failure of them to withdraw Russia from the costly WWI and in order not to make the same mistake; Lenin had decided to withdraw Russia from the war at any cost. Indeed, the cost was heavy which can be seen from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which Russia lost control over the Baltic states
Is the term 'Industrial Revolution' an accurate description of the economic changes taking place in the period 1760-1850?
The industrial revolution in Britain: nature and interpretation Is the term 'Industrial Revolution' an accurate description of the economic changes taking place in the period 1760-1850? Since the time of the Industrial Revolution itself historians have been arguing about the nature of industrialisation. The notion of the period being "a significant watershed in historic development" (Hudson, 1992) has its roots in the writings of the early nineteenth century. Since then the interpretations have altered together with the circumstances acting upon historians at each different period. This essay will concentrate on the current debate which has been initiated by the publishing of Deane's and Cole's book "British Economic growth 1688-1959" in 1962, which marked the first attempt to quantify the Industrial Revolution. Their estimates have been revised by Crafts in the 1980s who was in favour of a more gradual development. Crafts' interpretation has then again been criticised by Berg and Hudson, who were trying to restore the idea of the industrialisation as being a discontinuity rather than a gradual development. In 1962 Deane and Cole were the first historians who tried to measure the level of the industrialisation and economic growth during the time of the Industrial Revolution calculating an annual growth rate for the amount of industrial output. For the nineteenth century
“The French Revolution was simply a product of Enlightenment thought.” How accurate is this statement as a general comment on origin of the political ideas of the French Revolution?
"The French Revolution was simply a product of Enlightenment thought." How accurate is this statement as a general comment on origin of the political ideas of the French Revolution? The nature of the French Revolution has always been a source of contention to historians of the period. Interpretations of the Revolution, it can be argued, are usually more of an illustration of the author's own particular consequences and political leanings than a completely accurate account of its actual causes. The French Revolution and history's interpretation of its causes and significance has been rewritten constantly by almost every generation of historians since the event. In any discussion of the quotation at the top of this essay as a valid description of the ideas of the French Revolution, requires that we study these differing interpretations, which should then allow us to piece together a more objective portrayal of its causes. Initially historians believed that the French Revolution was simply the product of grand conspiracy. The main proponent of this explanation was Abbe Barruel, who believed the cause could be found in the fusion of three different factors. Barruel's thesis stated that an anti-Christian conspiracy, by a Godless intelligentsia found favour among the masses through the network of freemasons lodges, which then resulted in these ideas evolving into a general
What was the Industrial Revolution?
What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a huge change in British history. It is not known exactly when the Industrial Revolution started nor when it finished. There were many factors that influenced the changes which happened during this period of time. The industrialisation of Britain brought with it new kinds of roads, trains and other forms of communication systems which had never been seen in action before. Before the Industrial Revolution, it was very hard to keep in contact with people in other parts of the country. Most of the news was spread by travellers or through messengers and goods were distributed largely within the locality in which they were produced. During the Industrial Revolution however, many canals were formed. These helped with trade and transport mainly. During the Industrial Revolution, education became compulsory, there was an increase in population, improvements in health and a large-scale movement from country to town. There were four main riots that took place as a result of political changes. These were mainly protests against what was happening and these consisted of: The Spa Fields Riots (1816), The Derbyshire Rising (1817), The Peterloo Masacre (1819) and lastly The Cato Street Conspiracy (1820). Crompton - Biography Samuel Crompton was born in 1753 in Firwood, Bolton. The son of a small farmer, he lived
