What were the causes and consequences of the Kulturkampf between Catholics and the German state?
What were the causes and consequences of the Kulturkampf between Catholics and the German state? The period of German history between 1871 and 1883 known as the Kulturkampf has been greatly disputed regarding both its origins and aftermath. Firstly, a definition of 'Kulturkampf' is vital for an understanding of this era's 'causes and consequences'. The term was originally used by the liberal Rudolf Virchow as he claimed that the emerging conflict between Catholics and the state had 'the character of a great struggle for civilisation in the interest of humanity.''1. Such an assertion immediately suggests that the Kulturkampf was perceived by many to be a necessary attack for the greater good. However, it must be remembered that in reality the Kulturkampf, or 'cultural struggle' as it is perhaps best translated, took many forms, involved many different groups and individuals each with their own motivations and perspectives. Similarly, the consequences of the brutal suppression of the Catholic minority are many and widespread, including the paradox consequence of actually enhancing the power and prestige of Roman Catholicism in the form of an organisational and spiritual revival in reaction to the Kulturkampf. In this essay I shall attempt to outline some of the major precipitating factors of this culture struggle and asses the political, social and religious consequences
Using Internet Resources for Historical Research. Looking for information on the Internet is helpful to understand the opinions of experts or enthusiasts, which will help to eject their own conclusions to answer the question: Napoleon. Villain or Vision
The twenty-first century is known as "High Technology Age." Hence no wonder that the Internet becomes the main source of information. However, it is often poorly organized and not verified. News search process itself is time consuming, tedious and not always effective-we never have a guarantee that we will find the interesting pieces of information. The Internet is an unlimited source of knowledge, but the disordered and chaotically given to us one. Publications placed on the sites reach a larger audience, they are extended with additional links, multimedia information and do not substantially differ from the traditional pub. Of course, the biggest advantage is the speed of posting messages and unlimited accessibility to it. The undoubted advantage is the possibility of interaction between the author and potential readers, the ability of commenting and exchanging opinions even in the pages of the discussion forum. The origins of treatment for the network as a source of knowledge to offer academic roots: in 1969 the U.S. Defense Department created the Advanced Research project Agency Project, whose goal was to use the scientific potential of the scientific community to build weapons.1 But mistrust towards the Internet as a reliable source of knowledge is understandable. Through its open format Internet makes it possible to place the information by all, many of the most
Did Disraeli achieve his aims in his social reforms 1874-80?
Did Disraeli achieve his aims in his social reforms 1874-80? Disraeli's government of 1874-1880 has been described as 'responsible for one of the most notable instalments of social reform of the century'1, and in the time since this ministry, he has become associated with social reform and the 'elevation of the condition of the people'2. However there is some debate amongst historians regarding his reforms, in terms of Disraeli's motivations behind implementing his reforms; the methods by which he put them into place; and how successful they were, both in the short and long term. Blake emphasises the fact that the reforms were, on balance, successful 'they did a great deal more good than harm'3, as well as Walton 'what he [Disraeli] did do was very important indeed, and it even made a difference, however small, to the living conditions of some of those at whom the legislation is directed'4, however Smith would argue that more of the reforms were weak than were useful, calling the Merchant Shipping and Friendly Societies Act 'lame', and saying that many of the reforms were 'too tentative and weak adequately to subdue the problems with which they were concerned'5. It is also interesting to evaluate whether Disraeli's aims came from deep seated personal convictions and planning or whether his reforms represent, as the historian P. Smith called it, 'the haphazard production of
Why did the Third Republic survive the Boulangist movement and the Dreyfus Affair?
Why did the Third Republic survive the Boulangist movement and the Dreyfus Affair? The Third Republic was confronted by many crises up to 1914, but the two most serious, and the two most responsible for the division of opinion in the country, were those in which General Boulanger and Captain Dreyfus became the respective symbols of opposition to, or support for the Republic. The Boulanger crisis revealed the danger permanently lurking beneath the surface of French political life, of the ability of a charismatic leader to rally around himself all those bearing resentment toward the regime. The Dreyfus Affair showed the Republicans, and eventually the Socialists, that the union of the former constituents of the ancien regime; the army, the Church and the aristocracy, now imperiled the political life of the Republic. Despite this apparent instability, neither General Boulanger in 1887, who seemed briefly the heir to the Bonapartist tradition, nor the Conservatives who used the Dreyfus Affair as an opportunity to attack the Republican constitution, were able to bring about the collapse of the political system. These two major crises were symptomatic of the many problems facing the Third Republic. Externally there was the problem of the relative decline of France in the hierarchy of nations, especially with regard to Germany. Internally, there was the problem of the rise of the
Why did nineteenth-century radicals such as Robert Owen and Alfred Russel Wallace, embrace the philosophy of spiritualism?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Why did nineteenth-century radicals such as Robert Owen and Alfred Russel Wallace, embrace the philosophy of spiritualism? The origins of Spiritualism can be traced back to 1848, when two teenage sisters, Kate and Margaret Fox supposedly communicated with the spirit of a peddler who had been murdered in their house fifteen years prior. News of this ‘discovery’ spread like wildfire and very soon people across the country and on the other side of the Atlantic were embracing the philosophy of spiritualism. Spiritualism, according to Alfred Russell Wallace, is the idea that after death, a man’s spirit survives in an ethereal body and commences and apparently endless moral progression. [1] To practice spiritualism is to communicate with spirits through a medium. The following essay will analyse the appeal of spiritualism and specifically why radicals in the Nineteenth-century; such as Robert Owen and Alfred Russel Wallace, embraced this philosophy. By analysing the three key factors of science, religion and socialism, it will be demonstrated that spiritualism was embraced by radicals because it both offered a curious alternative to traditional life, and provided a platform to build an idealistic future for society. A major reason why so many radicals embraced spiritualism is because this philosophy was a unique platform for expressing
History of Cafes in Paris
Ezel Poslu 9 May 2007 French Garden to Table Research Paper on French cafes HISTORY OF CAFÉS IN PARIS Cafes. The places for socializing, getting drinks, having lunch, getting to know new people, getting online in the internet in the modern time in France. The structure of modern French cafés that we see all over Paris was established over the course of almost four centuries. Beginning with the 17th century, cafés brought a different order and perspective to French society, which still impacts French culture in the 21st century. Their functions and roles are made clear in the 20th century. The historical and social events that took place in between the 17th and 20th centuries gave shape to the modern French cafes. The arrival of coffee before the other exotic, new drinks in Europe and its growing fame were the main reasons for the need for cafés in the 17th century. Social interactions and French revolution made the cafés the places to gather and discuss the issues in society in 18th and 19th centuries. Through the end of the 20th century and in the beginning of 21st century, cafes started to take their final shape with the peace in society, and they became the places to socialize and get something to drink in nice places. Paris had always been known for its lust for
"How justified was Gladstone in his criticism of Disraeli's foreign policy as 'reckless, territorial expansionism"?
"How justified was Gladstone in his criticism of Disraeli's foreign policy as 'reckless, territorial expansionism"? The London newspapers carried every word as Gladstone denounced Disraeli's foreign policy as pursuing 'false phantoms of glory' and dared to criticise the Queen's assumption of the Empress role. The rallying cry was freedom for all peoples; he warned his audiences not to be blind to the wrongs and injustices being committed in the name of national pride. Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield since 1876, pretended to be bored by the whole business, dismissing the Gladstonian rhetoric as 'wearisome'. We can see that the dandy Disraeli and his idolisation of his jewel and the British jewel, the empire was completely against that of Gladstone's motto of "Peace, Retrenchment, and Reform" and with an imperial foreign policy, this meant that he and Disraeli fought through words throughout the whole period. Gladstone believed that the imperialistic nature of Disraelian Conservatism was uniting behind the banner or empire to create a jingoistic and united support within both the working class and the upper class. In 1879, when he was out of office, he laid down what he called `the right policies of foreign policy', which included the preservation of peace, the love of liberty and respect for the equal rights of all nations. Thus, we can see that Gladstone's attacks on Disraeli
Critical Review of "Treaty 7"
Kathryn Kell 064513070 February 11th 2009 HI345 Dr. Susan Neylan Critical Review of The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7. The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7 is a combination of elder testimonies and critical analysis of historical sources. It provides an in-depth analysis of the treaty making process, from the Aboriginal perspective, from which Treaty 7 was created. The book provides one with the native perspective on the events which surround Treaty 7. The unique perspective of this book and the insight it provides allows one to answer a number of questions, including what the Aboriginal understanding of Treaty 7 is and why they signed it. It also provides us with an opportunity to examine whether or not the Treaty 7 First Nations were deliberately misled about the land surrender terms found within Treaty 7 or whether the resulting dual understanding was due to a case of gross cultural misunderstanding. The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7 also allows us to ask whether or not Treaty 7 was honored by the Canadian government. The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7 explains why the Aboriginal leaders entered into Treaty 7. The Aboriginal leaders of Treaty 7 entered into it with four major objectives in mind: first, they wanted to ensure the survival of their people in wake of crippling disease outbreaks and the ever decreasing
In this essay I shall consider how all three explanations contributed to Chartisms support and which factor can be seen as the most dominant.
Emma Samantha Moxon Y180 C1839595X TMA 02 Task 1 In the history block, you learned about three explanations for Chartism’s support – a reaction to economic pressure, national political movement and an inclusive cultural community. What evidence is there in the extract above of three explanations for Chartism’s support that you learned about in the history chapter of Y180, and which, if any, is stressed most strongly by the speaker? Part 1 In no more than 200 words, write a plan for this essay Introduction: . Explain the background and context of the extract 2. This essay will consider the evidence for Chartism’s support in terms of economic pressure, popular radicalism, and cultural inclusiveness 3. It will argue all three factors contributed to Chartism’s support but political focus is dominant Economic pressure: . 1837-42 were periods of economic downturn, Chartism attracted support by addressing economic circumstances – mention class legislations 2. Manufacturing population under-represented in the electoral system 3. Mention Asa Briggs, secondary source 1, who highlights the significance of economic circumstances A national political movement: . Indicate how Chartism was built on pre-existing support
It didnt happen here. Why didnt socialism prosper in the USA in the period from 1865 to 1919?
HIS419 Modern America Richard Voke ID: 13658225 “It didn’t happen here”. Why didn’t socialism prosper in the USA in the period from 1865 to 1919? “The country that is more developed industrially shows to the less developed the image of their future.” [1] The above quote from Karl Marx (1818-1883) [2] gives us an idea of how contemporary socialists thought of America in the years preceding the 1917 Russian Revolutions. Traditional Marxist theory expounds that a proletariat revolution was an inevitable stage of social evolution [3] and that the United States of America, which by approximately 1880 had become the largest economy in the world [4], would therefore be the first Marxist state. This was a widely held belief among socialists throughout the latter half of the 19th century [5]. The fact that this didn't happen has been a source of debate among political and social commentators ever since, and in 1906 German economist and sociologist Werner Sombart (1853-1941)[6] attempted to explain this with his seminal essay Why is there no socialism in the United States?[7]. The reasons given in this work, and in later publications such as Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism by John H M Laslett [8] and It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States by Seymour Lipsett and Gary Marks [9] are
