Analyze the factors that gradually influenced the emergence of the Two Nation theory in pre independence India which led to the birth of Pakistan as a sovereign state. Has this theory been vindicated in the past seventy years?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Pakistan’s Foreign Relations Analyze the factors that gradually influenced the emergence of the Two Nation theory in pre independence India which led to the birth of Pakistan as a sovereign state. Has this theory been vindicated in the past seventy years? Pakistan is a nation with a strong will to survive. Ever since its conception, it has faced political upheavals, endured military dictatorships, ethnic discord and has been scarred by religious extremism. The very heart of its creation lies in the ideological backing of Islam, seeking independence from a Hindu dominated India. The two nation theory, philosophically expounded by Iqbal simply meant that Muslims were a separate nation from Hindus based on stark religious differences despite the ethnic or linguistic commonalities. The theory became the basis of the Pakistan Movement and was transformed into a political and social reality by Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s struggle to unite Muslims in the four provinces that constitute Pakistan today, as well as the far eastern region of Bengal. Jinnah called this movement ‘the self awakening of Muslims’ in the subcontinent. However, seventy years from independence, the group nationalism which resulted in Pakistan has watered down to ethnic dissimilarities, movements for separate provincial states and political decay which has ‘damned Pakistan
Progress made in education in China from 1900-1997
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Progress made in education in China from 1900-1997 The Twentieth Century marked an important transition period for education in China that comprises four distinct stages, which closely relates to important political events. The first stage, from 1900 to 1912, characterised by the end of the Qing dynasty in which the first introduction to Western academic ideas. Subsequently, the second stage lasted from 1912 to 1948 under the KMT regime. During this period, there was more presentation on Western ideologies. Then came the Maoist period, from 1938 to 1976, in which schools promoted Mao’s teachings that were inspired by Russian pedagogy. From 1976 to 1997 in the post-Mao era, although schools continued to deliver Mao’s teachings, the reappearance of public examinations was met with resistance. Thus, the key changes made in these four periods has highlighted the profound progress of education in China from Confucian ideologies to public education, despite temporary setbacks. The banishing of the Imperial Civil exam system led to an overall progression in the field of education. Before the banishment, the Imperial Civil service examinations which only promoted Confucianism centred the education in China. Additionally, affluent students had a large advantage over poorer compatriots because they were able to afford private tutors, while the poor
Describe how Jews were persecuted in the twentieth century before the Holocaust.
Holocaust Coursework (a) 4 marks (a)(i) (300) Describe how Jews were persecuted in the twentieth century before the Holocaust. Although the Holocaust is probably the most discussed contemporary case of mass Jewish persecution, there has been prejudice and discrimination against Jews since the founding of Judaism. Whilst the persecution of the Jews was brought to its ultimate head by the rise of the Nazis, anti-Jewish feeling had been simmering throughout the early years of the twentieth century, primarily because the Jews were seen as a minority with better pay and were therefore easy to persecute. They were blamed for economic problems, the Russian Revolution, World War One and anything else going wrong in the country. Jewish immigrants in Britain found no one would employ them unless they worked on the Sabbath or festivals. In Russia in 1905 the Tsar's secret police produced a document, the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion,' supposed to contain the Jews' plans for taking over the world. In 1917 the Tsarist movement was brought to an end and anti-semitism was condemned; by the end of the 1920's, however, this changed when Stalin came to power and actively encouraged anti-semitism so he could remove Jews from high positions of authority after their period of prosperity. He set up secret pogroms which resulted in the rape and massacre of many innocent Jews, and the looting
causes of the spanish civil war
"'The Left provoked the Spanish Civil War'. Discuss" The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 and it can clearly be stated that the Left, comprising of anti-clericals and socialists, played a significant role in provoking the conflict to begin1. This is the Left passed a series of reforms and attempting to disestablish the Catholic Church's powerful position within Spain and from 1935 began to lose all commitments to parliamentary democracy. However, in order to construct an accurate argument in assessing why the Spanish Civil War began the role of the Right, CEDA, has to be evaluated. When CEDA came to power in 1933 it reversed the process of reform and cancelled the measures against the Church2. This exacerbated tensions within Spain. Furthermore, these tensions polarized politics causing individuals to side with the extreme Right or the Left. However, several antecedents need to be assessed to show the number of deep divisions that were in Spanish society before the Civil War began on 17th July 19363. The historiography surrounding this topic is divided. Robinson believes the Left were primarily responsible for undermining the democratic system within Spain and, as a result, forced the Right to resort to violence. Moreover, Blinkhorn attributes importance to the Left for causing the Civil War4. He believes that the new Constitution, which was introduced in 1932, created a
Palestinian Identity. Rashid Khalidi, in his important book Palestinian Identity, locates the Palestinian proto-nationalist identity as the product of many years of growing nationalist sentiment during the final years of Ottoman rule during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Jim Beam Question 1 With a rationale that aligns with Hobsbawm’s prerequisites for the manifestation of a proto-nationalism, Rashid Khalidi, in his important book Palestinian Identity, locates the Palestinian proto-nationalist identity as the product of many years of growing nationalist sentiment during the final years of Ottoman rule during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He claims that the momentum of this nationalist sentiment snowballed with the “unsettling changes” brought about from the “outset of World War I” to the “British mandate for Palestine,” creating a sense of nationalism unrivaled by that which existed before.[1] Khalidi acknowledges that the profundity of these events was intensified by the already existent “constituents” of Palestinian identity, namely “patriotic feeling,” “local loyalties,” and “religious sentiment” that had been in development during the Ottoman rule.[2] Khalidi illustrates that “a strong and growing national identification with Palestine” came to fruition as the “Arab residents of the country” came to “imagine themselves as part of a single community” on both a national and “local” level.[3] One of the most important resultants of this historical period was “religious attachment to Palestine as a holy land,” especially by “Muslims and Christians”.[4] While these two groups
A renewal of black culture occurred around 1910-1940s. This breaking movement in history was referred to as the Harlem Renaissance.
A renewal of black culture occurred around 1910-1940s. This breaking movement in history was referred to as the Harlem Renaissance. African Americans thrived in music, theatre, dance, literature, education, and art during this time period. The cause of the Harlem Renaissance included an important migration where thousands of African American people relocated to urban areas primarily up North. With many rural southerners moving up north, they had an opportunity to achieve more things and be influenced by several insightful African Americans. During the Harlem Renaissance, the New Negro Movement took place in cities such as: Detroit, Chicago, and Harlem. Harlem, New York, located on the island of Manhattan, was the central point during this time. The Harlem Renaissance helped to redefine how Americans as a whole understood African American culture. Integration between black and white cultures occurred. This movement was also the beginning of black urban society. During this time, many prominent people were involved and noted throughout history. Two notable leaders during the Harlem Renaissance were W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. W.E.B Du Bois was all for informing about separation, while Locke was more in touch with informing about integration. These two men both wanted to do something in the African American community to lessen racism, and they wanted to show that
Source Analysis - Was Hitler really Master in the Third Reich?
Europe, Nazism and War: 1930-1945 Shaun Johnston (11061744) Source Analysis When it comes to choosing sources to answer an essay question such as “To what extent was Hitler ‘master in the Third Reich?’” it can be difficult to find reliable and valuable ones, especially from the wide range of sources that are available to us for such a subject. I believe that if you can find sources that link with one another, either with the same viewpoint or arguing viewpoints it will be far easier to answer an essay question. My choice of sources fit in well with one another, at times the sources don’t meet eye to eye when it comes to the opinion of Hitler’s role in the Nazi party and whether or not he really is the master of the Third Reich but they both provide greater insight to the political and social ideas of different people, ranging from Hitler himself, to his close party members and even more to the likes of Carl Schmitt, a leading constitutional lawyer. The sources provide us with a balanced argument on the true opinions of Adolf Hitler. They all share the same topic of interest and that’s Hitler’s role as Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor. After looking through various possibilities, my first source to analyse was Ian Kershaw’s journal on contemporary history written in 1993, “’Working towards the Führer.” Reflections on
J. Robert Oppenheimer: An Unappreciated Genius
Brown J. Robert Oppenheimer: An Unappreciated Genius By Tyler Brown C. Coulter English 110-12 Fall 2009 ________________ Topic Sentence Outline . Is J. Robert Oppenheimer a hero or a bringer of death? 2. Who were his parents? 3. What were his conditions in early life? 4. What was his early schooling like? 5. What got him interested in physics? 6. What was his college life like/ where did he go? 7. How did he become involved with the Manhattan Project? 8. What effect did atomic weapons have upon the world? 9. Why was his security clearance taken away? 0. What did he do with his life after being kicked out of the AEC? 1. What effect did he leave on the world/ what do we do with him now? J. Robert Oppenheimer: An Unappreciated Genius J. Robert Oppenheimer is considered by some to be an American hero, and by others as the physical manifestation of humanistic evil. It is not often that one individual can be viewed as both a saviour and a demon. Usually these two forces oppose each other, but in Oppenheimer’s case he was labeled as both. His contribution to atomic theory and furthermore, his assistance in the weaponization of this theory has put him in the midst of a heated debate. Even though he is viewed by some as a modern grim reaper, and his security clearance was taken away in 1953 in response to accused communist sympathies, history shows that he was
The Rape of Nanking and its Aftermath: How a Genocidal Event Shaped Sino-Japanese Relations After World War II
Zach Reynolds Reynolds-1 History I: Paul Hamel June 1, 2010 The Rape of Nanking and its Aftermath: How a Genocidal Event Shaped Sino-Japanese Relations After World War II “In my garden, about 70 girls and women are on their knees, banging their heads against the ground. Their weeping and wailing would melt a heart of stone. They don’t want to leave my garden camp, because they are quite rightly afraid that they will be raped by Japanese soldiers.”[1] This diary entry was written on February 3, 1938 by John Rabe, a German businessman who saved over 250,000 lives in Nanking (Nanjing). Even though Rabe was able to save so many people, the Rape of Nanking is still known as one of the bloodiest massacres in history; the Japanese army systematically raped, tortured and murdered more than 300,000 Chinese civilians. In order to understand the Rape of Nanking, one must examine the events leading up to the massacre, the event itself, and the relationship between China and Japan over the last fifty years. Events leading up to the Rape of Nanking demonstrate the strong desire of the Japanese army to invade China. In 1931, Japan created a pretext for invading China by setting off explosions and blaming it on China. “[The deliberate Japanese train explosion] gave the Japanese an excuse to seize Manchuria, which was renamed Manchukuo and where the Japanese installed Pu Yi,
An Analysis of Edward Saids Out of Place from a Postcolonial Perspective
An Analysis of Edward Said’s “Out of Place” from a Postcolonial Perspective When it is the case of post colonialism and when it is about Edward said, the father of orientalism and a founding figure in post colonialism, one should certainly take a look at Edward Said’s memoir, called as Out of Place, in which he rediscovers the lost Arab world of his early years in Palestine, Lebanon and Egypt. In this paper I will try to highlight his childhood years in Palestine and Egypt from a post colonial perspective, trying to uncover his dual heritage and dual identity crisis of being a Palestinian Arab and being an American basing on 6th chapter of his memoir, Out of Place. Understanding Edward Said and his life means understanding a huge history of Middle East, especially that of Palestine. Therefore, we should firstly take a quick glance at the general history of Palestine to wholly understand and comprehend Said’s memoir. Palestine had been under Ottoman rule since 1516 until the British mandate of Palestine in 1922, upon the British capture of Jerusalem after the WWI. And in 1917 during WWI, there was the Belfour Declaration supported by the Great Britain which led to the Zionist movement to the “Promised Lands” of Palestine. For several years there were the revolts of non-Jewish Palestinians against the upcoming Zionist acts. In 1947, after WWI and Holocaust,