To what extent did Great Britains administration of Sudan influence the start of the First Sudanese Civil War, 1955-1972?

To what extent did Great Britain's administration of Sudan influence the start of the First Sudanese Civil War, 1955-1972? Word Count; 1,998 Section A. Plan of Investigation To what extent did Great Britain's administration of Sudan influence the start of the First Sudanese Civil War, 1955-1972? The civil wars of the Sudan are most famously attributed to religious differences between Muslims and Christians, and the uneven distribution of natural resources between the North and South; however as demonstrated in other African countries (namely Rwanda, Angola, and Cameroon), European imperialism is a common cause of instability on the continent. Noting the above, the investigation will strive to see if this byproduct of imperialism holds true in Britain's colonial administration of the Sudan and the subsequent first civil war. It will investigate the origin of British involvement in Sudan, its administration decisions and documents pertaining to the country and reactions of the Sudanese people; particularly regarding the Southern region. The study will then further analyze the publication Sudan: A Country Study and a copy of the proceedings of the Juba Conference, June 1947 for their origin, purpose, value, and limitation in order to add clarity and validity to the argument. To narrow the scope, the paper will not focus on Egypt's effect on the colonial administration, the

  • Word count: 2285
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

What are the major factors that led to the end of the cold war?

What are the major factors that led to the end of the cold war? The Cold War was the "extended worldwide conflict between communism and capitalism that begun in 1947 and concluded in 1989 with the collapse of Soviet power in Europe" (Baylis & Smith, 2007: 770). The Cold War was ended as a result of internal factors such as Gorbachev's reforms, the weak economy of the USSR and the Satellite States breaking away from the USSR, and external factors such as US-Soviet diplomacy, and various treaties being signed that limited arms. In this essay it will be argued that all these factors are important but it was systemic problems that became systemic crises due to Gorbachev's radical reforms that unwillingly initiated the break-up of the USSR, along with the end to the Cold War (Crockatt, 2007: 115). Gorbachev was different to his predecessors, probably because he "wasn't as beholden to the Stalinist Legacy as his predecessors" (Crockatt, 2006: 114). The big reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) were arguably the most important reforms for ending the Cold War. Glasnost reduced censorship and allowed true popular opinion to emerge, enabling the citizens of the USSR to see how the West was living, making many in the Soviet Bloc unhappy with the comparable living standards and lifestyle (LaFeber 1991: 328). Perestroika was aimed at reforming the economy by

  • Word count: 1423
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

The Cold War was at its most dangerous in the years between 1947 and 1963. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis took place, and became the 'high' point of the Cold War.

Section Assignment 3.2 Part E The Cold War was at its most dangerous in the years between 1947 and 1963. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis took place, and became the 'high' point of the Cold War. In the 19th century the United States had developed a special relationship with Cuba. The United States had supported and sympathized with the Cuban efforts to free herself from the then dominated Spanish Rule. Throughout the early twentieth century, Cuba was ruled by consecutive leaders that had American support, however, following 1952 when Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, there was very little American support, as he executed his enemies and misused the American monetary aid. On the 1'st of January 1959 Batista left Cuba, after continuous fighting with Fidel Castro. Fidel Castro assumed power in Cuba. Castro requested aid from the United States and was denied. Eisenhower considered Castro's actions to be Communist driven, and in January 1961 the United States broke diplomatic relations with Cuba. The problems between Cuba and the United States furthered when John F kennedy became president of the United States in 1961. John F Kennedy had inherited president Eisenhower's scheme to invade Cuba, he authorized the attack in April of 1961. Shortly after nearly fifteen hundred Cuban's who were trained by the CIA as well as supported by the US bombers came ashore at the Bay of

  • Word count: 1019
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

Discuss the role of the United States in European integration initiatives following the Second World War. In what ways did European integration further US self interest?

Julie Jones N0053679 Discuss the role of the United States in European integration initiatives following the Second World War. In what ways did European integration further US self interest? This essay will discuss the involvement of the US in European integration initiatives post World War Two. It will consider the implementation of the US's Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Programme, which as its name suggests, sought to aid Europe's recovery. Further it will explain how the implementation of the Marshall Plan required co-operation between European states and was responsible for the emergence of European institutes such as the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Development), the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) and the EDC (European Defence Community), which promoted European integration. Finally, we shall consider the benefits gained by the US as a result of the Marshall Plan and the fact that these benefits were not only economic but also political. The Marshall Plan was "the most unsordid act in history" according to Winston Churchill (see Harvey Sicherman, 1998 [online]). It was a response to a Europe that had been devastated not only by war but also by the poor harvest and winter of 1946. The US President, Harry Truman, delivered a speech on 12 March 1947 whereby he outlined the terms of US aid known as the Truman Doctrine, and

  • Word count: 2060
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

Leadership Qualities: Fidel Castro.

Brandon Dewald December , 2004 Professor ____________ Business ____________ Leadership Qualities: Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926. As a child, he lived on a farm in the town of Mayari in the province of Oriente. His father was the owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. While he was young, Castro worked in his family's sugar cane fields. He was raised a Catholic, and attended Catholic schools throughout his childhood. In 1945 he enrolled at the University of Havana. During his schooling, Castro expressed his academic interests in politics, sociology, history, and agriculture. Fidel Castro excelled in many areas of academics. However, Fidel graduated in 1950 with a law degree. While in college, he married Mirta Diaz-Balart in 1948, but they soon divorced after a short lived marriage six years later in 1954. A year after they were married, they had a son, Fidel Castro Diaz-Balart, born in 1949. After a callous end to the marriage that resulted in divorce, Fidel had his son kidnapped and taken to Mexico. During the 1940's Fidel Castro became exceptionally knowledgeable of Cuban politics. In 1951 he was a leader in the growing populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano, an anti-Communist nationalist group. At this time, Fidel was expecting to gain the presidency through an election, and planned to run for Congress.

  • Word count: 1344
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

To what extent was nationalism in Africa and Asia in the early 20th centaury a mass movement

To what extent was nationalism in Africa and Asia in the early 20th centaury a mass movement? Answer with reference to at least two regions. Following the end of the Second World War a rapid decline in the world empires had been initiated. As a result numerous nationalist movements arose in various regions which had long been under the influence of an imperialist ruling nation and where now demanding independence from there rulers. This was particularly witnessed in Arab nationalism which emerged in the Middle East and North Africa as well other surrounding regions and so there is no doubt a strong nationalist vibe existed. However the question remains whether or not this idea of nationalism was a mass movement and did this ideology have the backing of the people? In the Middle East the idea of Arab nationalism emerged in the early years of the 20th centaury beginning in west Asia and then spreading to North Africa. One of the primary goals of Arab nationalism was to bring an end or reduce the influence of the western governments on there Arab counter parts, and displace Arab governments who hold western interests. Pan-Arabism is the concept, which calls for the creation of a single Arab state. This idea was held my vast amounts of contemporary Arabs who strongly believed the Arab world should united under one state as it would be much more economically and military

  • Word count: 1439
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

Out of this furnace

Linh Manh Nguyen HIST 1301 Baines Alton February 18, 2009 Out of this furnace "Out of this furnace" is Thomas Bell's most compelling achievement. The author, Thomas Bell grew up in the steel mill town of Braddock, Pennsylvania. His novel reflects the hardships faced by his family during the time when the mills ruled the area. All events in Bell's novel are fictional, however, they create a very realistic plot and are based somewhat upon a true story. "Out of This Furnace" is the story of a Slovak family's immigration to America, it focuses on the life of immigrant workers struggling to survive in the "new country." In this novel, the author refutes capitalistic ideals and the lack of a republican form of government by showing the struggles and success of immigrant steelworkers. The story of three generations of the Kracha family is given in the novel from the first immigrant in the family, George Kracha to the third generation represented by Dobie Dobrejcak. This story still stands as a fresh and extraordinary accomplishment. The reader follows the family as they make their way in America. The story begins in the 1880s with the ingenuous career of Djuro Kracha, the first generation immigrant of the family from Austria-Hungary, who sails to the US to find work and start a new life. He began as a worker in a steel mill - at ten cents an hour. George truly was full of

  • Word count: 880
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

How relevant was the legacy or intrusion of the British Colonial Government in the Nigerian civil war between July 1967- January 1970? The investigation focuses on the developments from three main time periods: the pre-colonial era, the colonial era and t

The Biafran War NAME: Adedayo adewa. DATE: March, 2010. COURSE: COMN. 2312. DIRECTOR: Jose C. Curto. INTRODUCTION Nigeria, one of the biggest British colonies in Africa, was granted independence in 19601, but in 1967, the eastern region withdrew and declared itself the republic of Biafra. The result was a three-year bloody civil war between the federal government and the secessionists leading to Biafra's defeat. Reasons put forward for this conflict include religious, tribal, cultural, geographical and economic factors. A school of thought however, believes the civil war resulted from the legacy of the British and this essay examines the question, HOW RELEVANT WAS THE LEGACY OR INTRUSION OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR BETWEEN JULY 1967- JANUARY 1970? The investigation focuses on the developments from three main time periods: the pre-colonial era, the colonial era and the postcolonial era, and examines those structures and legacies that contributed to the conflict.The colonial era appeared to have re-enforced the religious, tribal and historical divisions that existed in the pre-colonial era, added and gave new dimensions to the religious conflict. It also established some of the structure that gave rise to the post-independence inability to trust and produce capable and non-baised leaders.

  • Word count: 3335
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

The achievements and contributions of Merce Cunningham

The achievements and contributions of Merce Cunningham This essay focusses on Merce Cunningham, who is a choreographer that produces works that can be described as both modern and postmodern, as 'conventional thinking tends to place Cunningham somewhere in between these two genres - too cool and objective for modern dance, too virtuosic and technically accomplished for Judson-era postmodernism' (Copeland, 2004:230). The sources of most use for this essay include Bremser's Fifty Contemporary Choreographers; Carter's Routledge Dance Studies Reader; Copeland's Merce Cunningham and the Modernizing of Modern Dance and What is dance?; Cunningham's interview with Lesschaeve in The Dancer and The Dance; Morgenroth's Speaking of Dance; Morris' Moving Words, Re-Writing Dance and Vaughan's issue of Choreography and Dance, entitled Merce Cunningham: Creative Elements. The sources used to compile this essay compromise largely of secondary sources, which Cunningham has not written or contributed to, however, are written by authors knowledgeable in the field of dance. In addition, some primary sources have been used in reference for this essay, where Cunningham has had direct input, for example in The Dancer and the Dance, which is a documented interview. Through this research, it appears that secondary sources are more accessible than primary sources on this choreographer, giving

  • Word count: 3010
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay

How relevant is the orthodox theory in understanding the origins of the Cold War?

How relevant is the orthodox theory in understanding the origins of the Cold War? At the end of the Second World War two countries emerged as respective superpowers. Allies during the war the United States of America and Russia were less devastated than many of the other countries involved. The Russians had driven back and defeated the Nazis on the eastern front, and the Americans had eventually defeated the Japanese by dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima in 1945. Although Russia and the US had been allies during the war ideologically and politically the countries were polar differences. They were united in the common goal of defeating Fascism in the form of Nazi Germany but it was apparent that this was the only link between the two countries. Even before the end of the Second World War, differences and tension between the two countries emerged as discussions and negotiations turned to the topic of the post war world. Both countries had strong beliefs as to how the world should be run economically and politically, the explanations of which were entrenched into their political ideologies. The US championed the need for free trade, liberal capitalism and liberal democratic political systems, especially in western and eastern European countries. They had the so-called "open door policy". They also saw Soviet Communism as a threat to the destabilised world as it had a

  • Word count: 1992
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
Access this essay