How did Gorbachevs policy of establishing the Law of the State Enterprise contribute to the disaggregation of the Soviet Union?
Topic: How did Gorbachev's policy of establishing the Law of the State Enterprise contribute to the disaggregation of the Soviet Union? Total word count: 1663 A. Plan of the Investigation The focus of this study is on how Gorbachev's policy of establishing private ownership influenced the Soviet Union, with especially contributed to the disaggregation of the Soviet Union. After Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began to set up a reform movement. One of his main actions was to change the economic system. He almost gave up the original socialism economic system. Eventually, the Soviet Union broke up and Russia became capitalism country. One thing to make clear, a main difference between capitalism and socialism is that socialism supports public ownership but capitalism private ownership. In order to establish private ownership, Gorbachev set up a bill, which allowed all the State-owned enterprises to develop on their self. In a sense, the enterprises became self-financing was one cause of stimulating the disaggregation of the Soviet Union. The method of investigation is to analyze this bill and discuss its influences on the disaggregation. (Word count: 157) B. Summary of evidence "The economic growth of the Soviet Union increasingly depended on higher productivity (intensive growth), which meant that sources of growth other than those relating to
How doesWinthrop Sargeants newspaper review help us to understand the singing qualities of an operatic diva such as Callas?
Assignment 3 Part 1 – The Diva ________________ How does the newspaper review help us to understand the singing qualities of an operatic diva such as Callas? Winthrop Sargeant’s review opens with a comparison to a performance by Callas the previous year in Norma. “I had some reservations, however; it’s predominant reediness and its tendency to wobble slightly in its highest notes disturbed me a bit.” – Sargeant, W; (6th February 1958), The New Yorker, from Open University Assignment Booklet, pp 24-25. Winthrop criticises her high notes; a common flaw picked on by Winthrop throughout his review; as well as referring to Callas as “it”. This could show that prior to her 1958 performance of “La Traviata” he wasn’t as much as a fan of hers as many other opera fans had become. Winthrop wants to let his readers know that although however brilliant her performance was and however brilliant people believed she was and is; she had her flaws most notably hitting the very high notes. Callas’ struggle with high notes is further mentioned by Robert Phillips in the AA100 Reputations book: “Callas sometimes struggle’s to control a rather aggressive wobble in her top register, particularly when she is singing loudly” -Phillips, R; (2009), AA100 Reputations, Milton Keynes, The Open University An example of this is from the recording of the “Ah!
Wars of counter-insurgency cannot be won - discuss.
Wars of counter-insurgency cannot be won - discuss. The Soviet Union pulled out of Afghanistan defeated after many years of fighting the Taliban. The United States is currently fighting the same Taliban after invading them for the deadly attacks of Sept 1 2001. After a tremendously successful and devastating attack on the mullahs who ran Afghanistan with bunker busting bombs, the Americans and their European allies are struck in this quagmire where total victory has become illusive. The same tale is being repeated in Iraq, where the terrorist group Al Qaeda practices its hit-and-run strategy to devastating effect. By the same token there have been counter-insurgency movements that have been text-book successes. The Malayan counter-insurgency of the 1950s mounted by the British against the Malayan communist has been hailed as a fine example of the containment and defeat of counter insurgency forces. The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka is another example. It is my thesis that history is chock-full of lessons of counter-insurgency and it is only through studying these lessons and principles and adapting them, that wars of counter- insurgency can be won. For as long as mankind has existed, war has been a long integrated element of life. History, time and again has proven it to be inescapable by-product of human nature. It can be argued that
When and Why did British Decolonisation begin?
When and why did British Decolonisation Begin? British decolonisation was a gradual process which punctuated the years interceding the aftermath of the Second World War in 1945 and the handover ceremony of Hong Kong to China as a special administrative region in 1997. However, when regarding as to why this process began, one must consider the factors which were involved, of which include the British metropolitan, global, and colonial perspectives. Although each one of these perspectives can be attributed in some way to the beginning of the end of the British Empire, not one can stand scrutiny of being a direct trigger to decolonisation. Rather, their interlocking relations to one and other created an atmosphere conducive to decolonisation. Such an atmosphere would inevitably lead to decolonisation based on practicality, as opposed to sheer necessity. The British metropolitan is a defining factor in the creation of an atmosphere conducive to decolonisation. The reasons for this is routed in the socio-economic changes which had occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War and how these changes took precedent over the issues of the Empire. Indeed, one can see an, almost, indifference towards the issues of empire, as both the political parties, the Conservative Party and the Labour Party, appeared to debate very little on the issue of decolonisation following the end of the
A study into how much John F. Kennedy was responsible for the failure of the Bay of Pigs and the influence it had on him in future crises.
Introduction John F. Kennedy endured arguably the most highly pressurised start to his Presidency than any preceding President. The expectations Kennedy brought with him into office were ones of hope and prosperity for the American public all wanting to be part of the American Dream. The new decade of the 1960’s offered a great deal to the average American, consumerism was continuously growing, and unemployment was low. However issues such as equality for black American’s would be turned into a civil rights movement that dominated domestic affairs for the entire decade. The immediate concern for President Kennedy when he took office was the suddenly growing Cuba problem, and was seen as the priority over all things for Kennedy. Entering office at a time when the world was waiting to see who would come out on top in the on-going Cold War, Kennedy had to tread a fine line of being strong, but not to robust in his policies so as to antagonise the Soviets to the point of armed conflict. The American publics’ concern over the ‘Red Scare’ that had dominated the 1950’s, continued into the new era under Kennedy, with close neighbour Cuba having a large part to play in ensuring that fear persisted. The threat of a Communist fifth column infiltrating American society on all levels from social to political was now starting to feel very real. This fear was also heightened
Research Proposal When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China.
Statement: “When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China.” Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) was the official first leader to The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and no other name in the history of modern China has a more synonymous connotation with the total practice of communism and collectivism than Mao. Born on December 28, 1893, Mao was brought up in a predominantly non-industrialized, agrarian society that had gone through little social change in centuries. The country suffered from extreme poverty, isolationism, illiteracy, disease and infighting among various political figures. A natural born charismatic leader, Mao had an insightful view into the feelings of his countrymen. Beginning in the 1920s and through the 1940s, his communist lead revolution was able to out fight and maneuver an invading Japanese army and effectually push out his Nationalist Party rival, Chaing Kai-shek. While the Marxist theory of communism focused more on a working class party, Mao was able to take the men and women of China’s farming class and bring about a far-reaching revolutionary change. The beginnings of Mao’s leadership lent great promise but his actions after the revolution in regards to the “Great Leap Forwards” resulted in seeing millions of his countrymen die, than a change for the better. During Chairman Mao’s
How Useful Is the Term Americanization When Discussing post 1945 Western European Popular Culture?
How Useful Is the Term ‘Americanization’ When Discussing post 1945 Western European Popular Culture? American influence on European popular culture was undoubtedly considerable in the postwar period. This said, historians are often keen to explain the process by which European culture was adapted as more complex than the term ‘Americanization’ suggests. One can view the ‘Americanization’ of popular culture as part of broader trends emerging in that period; those of convergence, consumerism, and the rise of a new generation. ‘Americanization’ has often been employed as a metaphor for these trends, and in many ways they were vital characteristics of American culture. Historians have, however, reached a general consensus in that they recognise American influence while also acknowledging the limits of the term. Not only did the degree to which ‘Americanization’ occurred vary from region to region and even industry to industry, it also often added to, and mixed with, the cultural traditions already in place. This mixing of cultures, in the words of Petra Goeda, ‘followed its own dynamic.’[1] I will argue that a consideration of post 1945 popular culture in terms of ‘Americanisation’ is dangerous; it was not specific to the period, runs the risk of generalisation, and it not the most useful idiom with which to work. An initial discrepancy with
Critically evaluate the revisionist position that it was the expansion of US power that led to the outbreak of the Cold War.
| Page ________________ Critically evaluate the revisionist position that it was the expansion of US power that led to the outbreak of the Cold War. Historians have disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet-U.S. relations after the Second World War, therefore creating different schools of thought such as Orthodox , Revisionist and Post-revisionist interpretations. Scholars’ analysis concerning the origins of the cold war have changed and developed, due to the context in time and access to previously closed sources. The Orthodox view was the dominant thesis of cold war literature for 20 years, as few historians saw any reason to challenge the official American interpretation of the beginnings of the Cold War, due to the Mc Carthy years, which was a manipulative and propaganda era. This however changed due to the events of Vietnam, which allowed the revisionist thought to flourish. This is because America’s involvement in Vietnam dissatisfied many historians with the premises of the containment policy and, also, with the traditional view of the origins of the Cold War. This paper sets out to critically evaluate the revisionist assumption that it was the expansion of US power that led to the outbreak of the cold war. Through intensive reading and research of the three different theses, a critical evaluation has been made and criticisms of the
To what Extent did the Marshall Plan consolidate the division of Europe after World War Two?
Mark Hardcastle P08254387 Cold War Historiographical Assignment: To what Extent did the Marshall Plan consolidate the division of Europe after World War Two? Abstract: The Marshall plan, also known as the European Recovery Program (ERP) was a scheme the United States developed for rebuilding the economies of European States that were flagging, post World War II. Throughout this assignment I aim to assess and evaluate the above question through the use of relevant secondary sources. Introduction: By the end of World War II and despite US financial intercession throughout, the vast majority of Europe was economically weak. In total the Marshall Plan lead to the United States providing financial aid to sixteen Western and Southern European countries totaling to an amount of thirteen billion dollars worth of Aid. Economically, the US had been ahead of Europe and hoped that alongside this aid they would be able to impose the fast-growth economic model that the US currently adopted; culminating in trade barriers being broken down, inter-state transport routes being developed and the economic output of all participating states to be boosted significantly. Despite the plan, named after US Secretary of State, George C. Marshall initially appearing to be of altruistic nature there are of course concerns that the Marshall plan was simply and Ideological mechanism, allowing
Cold War Primary Source assignment: To what extent was dtente a result of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, in October 1962?
P08254387 Mark Hardcastle Dr Kenneth Morrison Cold War Primary Source assignment: To what extent was détente a result of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, in October 1962 Introduction: On the 17th of April 1961 the United States conducted an invasion upon Cuba by US trained Cuban exiles and despite the skirmish ultimately becoming a failure, it lay the foundation for the Cold War's most major flash point; the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. It was the opportunity for the Soviet Union to stage nuclear warheads within striking distance of the United States, in response to the United States placing Jupiter IRBM's in Europe, Italy as well as in Turkey. Whilst there are many contributing factors towards détente, most of which are intertwined in one way or another, the Cuban missile crisis and the potential mutually assured destruction (MAD) that could have followed, is considered by some as the Key factor for the the super powers agreeing terms of mutual acceptance and relatively peaceful coexistence, Détente. Through out this assignment I shall be assessing the impact the Cuban Missile Crisis and the events that culminated in the Cuban Missile crisis had on Détente and the significant reduction in international tension between the superpowers throughout the 1960's. Détente: Détente is
