Were there any significant ideological differences between Nazism and Fascism during the inter-war period?

NAZISM + FASCISM * Were there any significant ideological differences between Nazism and Fascism during the inter-war period? * Behind the official image of the new regimes in Italy and Germany was to be found the decomposition of nineteenth century liberalism. The 'new orders' established a different set of values and purposes as a reaction to western individualism and the laissez-faire society that was seen as decadent. The entry of the masses into politics and the intellectual revolution in social thought where 2 important developments at the turn of the century. In contrast to Britain and France, Italy had achieved national unification in the 1860's. Strong regionalism and weak inefficient governments presiding over an agricultural economy created social tensions. These were greatly heightened in 1896 when Italy was defeated in Ethiopia whilst trying to expand its fledgling empire. In Italy, in 1919 Mussolini's Fascist movement emerged onto the political scene. A revolutionary radicalism of the right, action orientated, ultranationalism, anti-Marxism, anti-liberalism, anti-democracy, anti-pacifism. Later that year a similar movement but far more racist and violent, Adolf Hitler's National Socialism, emerged in Germany. Ideologically the state, not the individual, counted. Politically, dictatorship from above, not consent from below was imposed.

  • Word count: 1582
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Why were the games important for the Romans? The games were important to the Romans for three main reasons, which will be explored in this essay. Firstly

Part 2 - Why were the games important for the Romans? The games were important to the Romans for three main reasons, which will be explored in this essay. Firstly, and most significantly, they provided the Romans with a sense of civilised order and democratic influence. Secondly the games held a mythological importance and religious symbolism which was inherent in society. Finally, the games reinforced already strong Roman values and morals. Each of these elements served to make the games vital to Roman society and culture. When the democratic system was altered to an imperial one, the emperors needed a way to appease the people, although they had lost the right to vote. The games fulfilled this role. To the Romans, the amphitheatre was a place of order, a triumph over chaos and lawlessness. They could communicate their feelings, and as the Emperor attended these games, they had the opportunity to voice their opinions directly to him. Occasionally it might be complaints about the cost of wheat, or calling for the removal of an unpopular official. The security of the crowd facilitated this, and the impression of direct communication was perhaps of more importance than the actual communication. The arena was a place of justice, where people saw criminals executed and social order established, and Romans had an interactive part to play; "The spectators demand that the slayer

  • Word count: 1014
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Would you agree that the future of the Bourbon monarchy was doomed from the start? Discuss this with reference to the events of 1814-15?

Would you agree that the future of the Bourbon monarchy was doomed from the start? Discuss this with reference to the events of 1814-15? It is not fair to say that the future of the Bourbon monarchy was doomed from the start, because even though there were immediate drawbacks of association with an unpopular peace, this was more than balanced by the fact that France possessed economic and social potential. The good economy was demonstrated by the fact that much of Europe had suffered dislocation and devastation at the hands of warring armies, but only France had escaped lightly with only a few temporary difficulties. Also land was productive and populated by skillful peasantry and the industries could meet the demands of the country. Socially many of the tensions that had led to revolution in 1789 had been removed, due to the peasants been free and owning most of their land and so apposing any revolutionary activity, the bourgeoisie were no longer prevented from gaining social and political distinction and so would give support to any regime that would maintain the status quo and finally the church had more influence over the people therefore could teach people that existing social and political role was important. However even though it can be said that the Bourbon monarchy had not been doomed from the start, the events of 1814-15 did begin to question the future of the

  • Word count: 2017
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Industry and Community - View of the Agriculture of Middlesex, 1807.

Student Number: 9906884 Tutor ~ David Wrench Module: Industry and Community. Primary Source Document: Enclosure, John Middleton, 1798, View of the Agriculture of Middlesex, 1807 The parliamentary enclosures of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were controversial and stimulated collective debate amongst contemporaries. Whilst enclosure was not a new concept and had been in existence since the Tudor period, the enclosing of common land by enforcement was considered radical. As a result, enclosure encountered opposition from contemporary writers who postulated upon its adversary effect on rural life and the long-term social consequences. Yet despite criticism, the enclosure movement also attracted enthusiasm and gained support. The objective of this analysis is to examine John Middleton's excerpt and support his argument with both contemporary and recent historiography. Importantly, it is necessary to briefly discuss the process of enclosure and the agricultural developments that physically, economically and socially transformed Britain's countryside. The chronological history of enclosure was a continuous process that spanned over four hundred years in a somewhat sporadic fashion. Enclosure or engrossment of land was implemented in various manners, some less disruptive than others. Non-parliamentary enclosure occurred either by a gradual piecemeal

  • Word count: 3022
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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How the Mexican revolution changed attitudes towards the "Indians", looking at race and class.

How the Mexican revolution changed attitudes towards the "Indians", looking at race and class In this essay I will first try to explain how the title is not as simple to answer as it may seem; I will then move on to give some background history to how the revolution came around and its consequences. Then finally I will look at how attitudes changed towards "Indians", if such a group really exist. The first problem I came across while trying to research material for this essay, is that I couldn't seem to find much information, concentrating on how attitudes changed in racial terms, towards the "Indians" before and after the revolution. Another thing I also noticed is that in a lot of texts, the group termed as "Indians", just seemed to pop out of nowhere. I soon found it very difficult and confusing to what exactly a lot of texts were referring to. I even wondered if the people writing them, knew exactly themselves. "Indians" are socially defined, mainly by "non-Indians" defining what is meant to be "Indian". There were lots of different groups of indigenous people in Mexico before the revolution, many even fighting each other and all of them affected to some extent by cultural "mestizaje". When the Spanish colonised Mexico they decided to group all the people that already lived there, and termed them as "Indians". What it meant to be "Indian", was to be exploited and

  • Word count: 2018
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Why was Eire neutral during the Second World War?

Why was Eire neutral during the second World War? Introduction. In order to fully answer this question, it is necessary to identify any ambiguities within the title - the most important being the expectation that the reader agrees with the statement that Ireland did in fact hold a position of neutrality during WW2. There are several points that contrast this statement - The British Prime Minister himself never accepted Ireland's neutrality- he held the belief that she was still a part of the Commonwealth and was therefore legally 'at war - but skulking'. There are some differences between Irish neutrality and the traditional types of neutral states, the most notable of which regards the consent of foreign military within neutral territory - Ireland allowed military aircraft of different nations to refuel at Shannon airport. A neutral state may, however, allow its citizens to serve in the armed forces of other nations, whether they are belligerent or not. Ireland did not in any way restrict its citizens from serving in foreign armies and as such around 200,000 men and women served in the Allied Forces against the Axis Powers. Ireland followed the guidelines in some cases, but in others, such as in the repatriation of Allied airmen but not Germany's, chose to act in such a way that made certain states question her neutrality. It can therefore by ascertained that

  • Word count: 2284
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Landlord Essay

What do you understand by Landlord Landscapes in Ireland? Discuss their origin, distribution, scale and demise Landlords were owners or lease holders of property who rented some or all their land to others. By 1703, most Irish landlords were of English or Scots origin, and had got their property during the plantations and land confiscations of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Most of them rented it out to Irishmen while themselves remaining residents of England1. The subject of landlordism was a highly significant issue in the history of Ireland. This essay will examine the origin, distribution, scale and demise of Landlord Landscapes in Ireland. All the counties of Ireland were owned and controlled by a minority, the landed gentry. When the county is broken down by barony and parish units we can get a more accurate picture of landscape variations in the mid-nineteenth century. These baronies were taken by force of arms and settled by successive invading societies, spawning adjacent dependent towns and villages2. Examples of this are the North Salt barony in Kildare, controlled by Fitzgerald. The differences in barony sizes were immense, ranging from 8,748 statute acres for Kilcullen to 48,264 acres for Carbury. The great estates and houses, such as Carton and Castletown, may create the impression that Kildare's landscape was dominated by such grandiose enterprises.

  • Word count: 1457
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Why did George Bush lose the presidency in 1992, given that he was vastly experienced in foreign policy-making and had already "won" the Cold War and the Gulf War?

Why did George Bush lose the presidency in 1992, given that he was vastly experienced in foreign policy-making and had already "won" the Cold War and the Gulf War? George Herbert Walker Bush - the foreign policy genius with experience as an ambassador to the United Nations, then as United States envoy to China, and if that was not enough as director of the CIA.1 Next, when he ran for president in 1988 and won, Bush's principal focus became foreign affairs. With all the experience he has had, why not? However, what President Bush did not expect was the constant change that would take place during his presidency: from Panama to the end of the Cold War to the win in the Gulf War. Looking at the four successful years of President Bush's foreign affairs, the math just does not add up when it comes to his loss in 1992. What exactly happened to his popularity or rather were his policies actually successful enough for a re-election? One of the basic arguments throughout George Bush's presidency was that the United States foreign policy needed a modification after the Reagan years. It mostly needed focus. However, George Bush did not seem to be the kind of president who could do it, although he had enough experience dealing with international issues. President Bush stressed stability and prudence when it came to foreign policy throughout his campaign in 1988. It even could have

  • Word count: 2224
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Propaganda in WW1 and WW2

In times of war, men are often told they cannot understand the complexities of it, but "must have faith", do their duty and not to question the righteousness of the government.1 But war times were stressful times, and citizens were asked to sacrifice their sons and daughters, land, properties and rations to supply for total war. Thus propaganda, the "attempt to influence behavior...[and] manner in which a mass audience perceives and ascribes meaning to the material world... through the use of mass media" was regarded as an imperative military device and used aggressively in World War II to battle for confidence and support on the home front. 2 Of all propaganda mechanisms, audiovisual technology was considered most crucial because of its availability and its ability to appeal to both senses of sight and sound at the same time. These abilities, consequently led to film's significant capacity to "mobilize emotions and immobilize the mind" through the creation of "overpowering illusions" while captivating audience in an entertaining manner. 3 During World War II, both the enemy- the Nazi Germany, and the hero- the United States recognized the influential quality of propaganda films and utilized the medium to gain support from the public. However, convincing American and German citizens into believing in the Second World War was no easy task. Both countries embarked on their

  • Word count: 3111
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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Thucydides. hucydides draws sharp distinction between his work and that of his predecessors. He describes the care, which he took in ascertaining the truth about the events he writes of.

Thucydides Thucydides may be said to be one of the most highly regarded and respected historians of all time. His work perhaps having one of the most important influences on the writing and recording of history itself. Thucydides own ambition as a respected and unique writer are clear as he writes on himself "My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the needs of an immediate public but was done to last forever". During Thucydides time (c.460 - 400) as a writer it is thought that literacy was considered relatively new to the world. It was much more common to write poetically rather than on a historic basis and even so, most other historians such as Heredotus chose to focus on a narrative style of writing. Contrary to this Thucydides dedicates himself to a level of accuracy in his writing rather than merely telling a story. He gained enormous prestige over the centuries for this and his work was quickly established "classic". His concern with objectivity exerted a strong influence on such later Greco-Roman historians as Polybius and Dio Cassius. Thucydides highly regards the Peleponesian war as the greatest war in Greek History. He bases this on the belief that both rivals; Athens and Sparta were at their peak of power and preparedness just before the immediate cause of the war. Thucydides argues that the events, which he relates, command attention because they

  • Word count: 1343
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Historical and Philosophical studies
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