the troppau protocol
The Troppau Protocol, November 1820 ) The fifty-odd years after the Napoleonic wars, usually referred to as the "Concert of Europe or the "European Congress System" have been either praised for their stable peace or criticised for their reactionary anti-liberalism. Several arguments have been developed to explain their stability: balance of power, fear of causing revolution, change in preferences and general system legitimacy. The Congress System was an attempt to maintain peace and order through the mixed influence and actions of the major states. Some historians believe that the term 'System' is inaccurate because there was nothing systematic about the meetings and that they were individual responses to crises. Others see the congresses as a significant attempt to resolve tensions. Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia formed the Quadruple Alliance and agreed to maintain peace. But the major powers had different aims. Austria and Russia were in favour to intervene against revolutions while Britain did not wish to join in internal arguments. Congresses were held to resolve quarrels. At Aix-la-Chapelle, France was allowed to the Quintuple Alliance that was when the occupation of France ended. Only Austria, Prussia and Russia met at St Petersburg in 1825 the last meeting of the Congress, which was an unsuccessful effort to resolve their problems. It was the loss of the
How far did domestic conditions determine Spartan foreign policy in the classical period?
How far did domestic conditions determine Spartan foreign policy in the classical period? This essay aims to show that Sparta had to keep domestic conditions at the forefront of their considerations when conducting their foreign affairs. First Sparta's internal structure will be examined to show why foreign policy needed to be carefully planned, next the organisation of the Peloponnesian league and Sparta's actions in the war with Athens will be considered and finally the decline of Sparta. An analysis of Cartlege's method in Agesilaos and the crisis of Sparta will be made to consider whether Sparta's decline could be interpreted by one man's failure to understand the restriction of Sparta's domestic conditions or whether Sparta had more widespread problems. Sparta had an internal structure that relied on every area of its society to be functioning properly to ensure smooth running of the state. Finley1 divides Sparta's structure into three areas: 1) Infrastructure of land allotments, helots and perioikoi 2) Governmental system (including the military; 3) Ritual system. While the last two areas involve the citizens of Sparta, it is the area of society relying on the far more numerous non-citizen bodies that are of interest. Sparta was the only Greek state, which held in subjugation large numbers of fellow Greeks and, as part of this, it is important to remember that
Shame Vs Guilt Culture
Shame Vs Guilt Culture In order to understand the concept of a "shame-culture" brought forth in Dodds' article Agamemnon's Apology, we must first establish an accurate view of Greek culture thousands of years ago. In particular we must focus on the differences in mentality between the Greeks of the Homeric era, the Greeks of the post Homeric era and the modern mentality of today. Most importantly we must recognize the influence of the Gods in ancient Greek life. Without an accurate perception of the above there is little hope in our grasping Dodds' concept of a "shame-culture". However, as we gradually piece together the puzzle of Homeric Greek life naturally the concept of a "shame culture" will appear in full form before our eyes. We will start by examining two concepts which are imbedded in the era of Homeric Greece, ate and menos. The core of both of these concepts has to do with a communication, of some sort, between the Gods and mortal humans. Dodd classifies them both as "psychic interventions" (p.8). Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey the characters are commonly described as entering states of "temporary clouding or bewildering of the normal consciousness" (p.5). This state of temporary loss of control is what Dodds means by the term ate. An example of this divine intervention is demonstrated when, in the Iliad, Agamemnon, to compensate for the loss of his own
What Factors Were Most Significant to Roman Health and Medical Practice?
What Factors Were Most Significant to Roman Health and Medical Practice? Rome started being built in 753 BC. Rome first conquered the rest of Italy, and most of the Mediterranean world. By 275 BC it had conquered the Greek cities in Italy. Rome had a very powerful army which needed to be kept healthy, so the Romans started to look into the idea of medical practices. The Romans were not the first civilisation to practice medicine. There is evidence of medical knowledge from the Ancient Egyptians as early as 3000 BC. The most important early Egyptian medical books were the 'Books of Thoth'. They were kept in the temple of Thoth by priests. Thoth was the god of writing and wisdom. None of the books survived, although a medical book called the 'Papyrus Ebers', which dates back to about 1500 BC, was probably based on them. The Greeks had many ideas about medicine as well, like the 'Four Humours', which was the idea that the body was made up of four fluids; blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Hippocrates (460 - 377 BC), a Greek, is acknowledged as the founding father of modern medicine and wrote the Hippocratic corpus, which were a collection of books written by Hippocrates or his followers. A man called Aristotle developed Hippocrates' ideas and the city of Alexandria became a centre of medical development. The library in Alexandria attempted to amass all
How, and why, were Puritans portrayed on the Elizabethan and Jacobean Stage?
How, and why, were Puritans portrayed on the Elizabethan and Jacobean Stage? In discussing Puritanism in this period we are immediately faced with the problem of definition. 'Puritan' was initially a term of abuse for the militant Protestants who sought further reform within the church. Initially the reformers were strongly influenced by Calvinist doctrines and they called for increased attention to preaching, the study and interpretation of the Bible and the simplification of elaborate rights. The Puritan movement seemed to be one of degrees rather than of type. Within the movement, itself a branch of the Anglican church, could be found people from various classes, ranging from those with Puritan sympathies to the radical reformers. It is seen as a religious and moral temper rather than a structured movement. The attack on the stage was initiated by some of the more militant Puritans, but the rebuttal of the dramatists seemed to treat all Puritans in the same way. The attack on the playhouses began in Elizabeth's reign with Puritans protesting against the building of theatres, although at this point their objections came to nothing. After this many tracts were produced warning about the evil and ungodly teachings of plays. In his Anatomie of Abuses of 1583 Philip Stubbes strongly condemns stage plays.1 He claims that they 'maintaine bawdrie, insinuate foolery, and
czech history
Czech History The history begins in the 6th century, when Slavonic tribes came in our territory. The first state was the Samo's Empire, which was threatened by Avars and Franks. Then the Great Moravian Empire followed. It was probably situated in southern Moravia near the village of Mikulcice. After its desintegration, state activities were concentrated to the Czech Lands. In the 9th century the Cyech Crown Kingdom was established by Premyslid dynasty. Borivoj I. was the first historically documented Czech prince and the last king of Premyslid dynasty was Wenceslas II, who was assassinated in 1306 in Olomouc. After four years of instability John of Luxemborg got the Czech throne by a dynastic wedding. Under the rule of his son, Charles IV., the Czech Kingdom became the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Prague became the imperial resindence and during this period it flourished and grew. In 1348 Charles IV. founded the University, the New Town and he promoted the construction of the Charles Bridge and the St.Vitus Cathedral. The first of the 15th century was marked by the Husic Movement. It was named after John Hus, rector of the University and a preacher, who tried to reform the Catholic Church. On 6th July 1415 he was burnt as a heretic in Constance. Jan Žižka was the leading representatives of the Husic Movement. He wasn't defeated. John of Podebrady was the first
ART OF INDIA (Khushan Period)
ART OF INDIA (Khushan Period) Art is defined in the Merriam-Webster as the expression of creative skill through a visual medium such as painting or sculpture. Through years people have developed skills and techniques to present their art to the world. But the Ancient art of India was just outstanding, and amazing to look at. One of the interesting time periods I thought was the Khushan period. The name Kushan is derived from the term Guishang, used in Chinese historical writings to describe one branch of the nomadic people, called Yuezhi or Yuechi. The Kushans established their empire in the first century AD. Kushans originated from the Turkistan region of China. It stretched from what is now Tajikistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan and down into the Ganges river valley in northern India. They moved towards Afghanistan in the 1st century AD. This time period had no uniformity, like some of the other cultures. During the Kushan period in the first to third centuries CE, political, economic, religious, and cultural contact between South Asia and Central Asia greatly accelerated. These relationships gain added significance in the context of cross-cultural relations during the early centuries CE. The art of this time period was very different from the other period in India. This time period included many wall paintings and a lot of stone work. Even though they were not born with
Would it be exaggerating to describe Cupid and Psyche as the “Perfect Fairytale”?
Would it be exaggerating to describe Cupid and Psyche as the "Perfect Fairytale"? The story of Cupid and Psyche is about a young woman named Psyche1 whose beauty reaches far and wide over the known world, "The loveliness of the youngest, however, was so perfect that human speech was too poor to describe or even praise it satisfactory"2 Psyche is so beautiful that people start paying her more attention than they pay the Goddess of love and beauty, Venus. The Goddess Venus grows jealous of the attention that Psyche receives and condems her by ordering her son, Cupid to make Psyche fall in love with a perfect outcast of a man. "By the bonds of a mother's love......I implore you....by the sweet wounds of your arrows....punish mercilessly that arrogant beauty.....let this girl be ensnared by a burning love for the lowest of mankind."3 However, this plan fails and secretly Cupid falls in love with Psyche when he accidentally pricks himself on one of his arrows and he secretly marries her with Psyche never knowing whom she has married and never being allowed to look upon her husband. What follows in the story is a series of indecisions placed upon Psyche by her jealous or wicked sisters who eventually trick and persuade Psyche into believing Cupid is a beast. They persuade her, through their jealousy, to sneak a lamp and a knife into the bedchamber at night when her husband
BRITISH PRESS
BRITISH PRESS Ventspils Augstskola 999 Table of contents: Introduction ..............................................................3 History ....................................................................3 National papers...........................................................4 Two types of national papers...........................................4 Sunday press..............................................................5 Politics.....................................................................5 Scandal.....................................................................7 Weekly and periodical press............................................7 Local and regional press.................................................8 Freedom of the press.....................................................9 Conclusion ..............................................................10 Introduction. Despite the development of motion pictures early in 20th century, of radio broadcasting in the 1920s, and of television in the 1940s, newspapers remain a major source of information on matters ranging from details of important news events to human-interest stories. British people are reported to be the worlds most dedicated home-video users. But this does not mean that they have given up reading. The British buy more newspapers than any other people except the Swedes
What was the significance of higher education for women
John Bolton, BA(chs) year 3 What was the significance of higher education for women, and why was there so much opposition to it? There are two issues for consideration here. The significance of higher education is that it allowed women access to a wider variety of occupations which were more befitting of skills women were not previously recognised as having. But not only that; it meant narrowing the gap towards equality between the sexes. It gave them recognition of intelligence, and gave them a status in society far grander than ever before. But it also meant they were encroaching, even trespassing, on the male sphere, which was the major opposition for higher education; Sandra Taylor explains that women were consciously contained within certain job categories in order that male jobs would not be threatened (1977). Josephine Butler expounds a reason why women desired higher education, and there is no doubt she can be considered a reliable source; in 1868 she wrote the pamphlet 'The education and employment of women', which presented far more thoughtful and intelligent reasoning and arguments that did many of the supposedly intellectual men of the time, such as Dr. Henry Maudsley in his 1874 article in 'Fortnightly Review' (to which we will come). She was also a key player in the campaign to persuade Cambridge University to provide more opportunities for women students
