Islamic Fundamentalism, In this report I will discuss whether Islamic fundamentalism is a modern political ideology or not.
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Islamic Fundamentalism Name: Amrit Sahtoe Student Number: 4242624 Date: 03/08/2012 Teacher: Dr. Alex Kazamias In this report I will discuss whether Islamic fundamentalism is a modern political ideology or not. I will do that firstly by trying to explain what Islamic fundamentalism actually really is. It is a term that is hard to explain. Secondly, I will discuss about modern political ideologies, I will give my view about modern political ideologies, how I think about it and what do I expect if we talk about modern political ideology. Thirdly, I will talk about political fundamental ideology. I have looked up some traditional people or groups. I will talk about their view on how they see our society or how they want to see our society. I will show some of their ideas, and that is why I think that Islamic fundamentalism is not a modern political ideology. Fourthly, I will discuss about modern Islamic thinkers, how they want to change our society and. Finally, I will end up with a conclusion, what I have found out after I read all of this and if changed my mind about if Islamic fundamentalism is a modern political ideology. These days Islamic fundamentalism is associated with Muslims, who has a radical interpretation of the Quran and the Hadith. The hadith are Islamic traditions about the doings and sayings of Muhammad, captured in large collections. The Muslim fundamentalists see the traditional texts literally as the fundaments of their religion. Definitions may vary about fundamentalism, because it can be classify as a deemed problematic for the people who believe and suggested that the Islamic belief oblige that all Muslims are fundamentalists. For others the term Islamic fundamentalism can be used to describe comprehend trends within the Islam. Islamic fundamentalists want to have the Sharia, the Islamic legislation, above the secular law/legislation. There is also a small minority group within the Islamic fundamentalists who want to put their word into action, by doing terroristic attacks to give power to their opinion. The word fundamentalism is originally a Christian word and is from the early beginning of the twentieth century. In Arabic it is called “usuliyya”. You will find fundamentalists in every religion. A fundamentalist is not capable to give dissenters the freedom for their own way of thinking and living. There is only one way of thinking, living and believing and that is way of the fundamentalist and that is the right way. It does not matter if it is neither the good nor the bad way of walking the aisle. To be honest, Islamic fundamentalism is not the right word to use for this phenomenon, the word that is used is, political Islam, it is a more common term today. Within the Islamic Fundamentalism there is another form of extreme fundamentalism that is called ‘wahhabism’. The founder of ‘wahhabism’ was the first modern Islamic fundamentalist and extremists, Mohammed Ibn Abdel Wahhab. He wanted to go back to the pure Islam, like it was when their prophet Mohammed lived. To know if the Islam is a modern political ideology, it is important to define first what modern is. Everybody has an own opinion about what modern is, and that is why I first want to define my way/view of a modern political ideology. According to Bassam Tibi, “Islam is a faith as well as a cultural commitment” (Jstore/Tibi Bassam, 1986). The term ideology is a modern term, because it was used during the enlightenment in the 18th century. So, you can say that the modern political ideology of the Islam is modern, it can also be a mix of modern and tradition, or is it a traditional ideology with a modern twist in in? If I think about a modern political ideology, I think about Europe, I think about democracy, I think about freedom. An ideology means a change in a society or a country. Besides, if there is a modern ideology, then there will be a separation between state and religion. In other words, there should be a different legislation other than a holy book, for example the Quran, the Sharia or the Bible. To illustrate let us take Saudi-Arabia, it is a country that lies in the Middle East and Asia, with two important holy sites for the Muslim population. Saudi Arabia has no religious freedom, the state religion is the Islam. The Saudis are seen as supporters of the Wahhabism. In Saudi Arabia there are no churches, because it is dominated by the flow of the Islam and they have forbidden it. The last priest was expelled in 1985 (Vatican-Saudi talks on churches, news.bbc.co.uk, 2008). To compare the religious freedom with the Netherlands, there you can see are a lot of religions living together, living in harmony without any problems. They are allowed to have their own church, mosque, temple or synagogue. That is how I see a modern political ideology. Everybody is free, can have their own religion, can think about everything by themselves, are not indoctrinated by the government or by religious people, state and religion are separated and there is a government with different parties in it. The citizens are living in a democracy and are allowed to have an own opinion and to vote on their own party, during elections. The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the biggest Islamist movements. The Muslim Brotherhood has, according to me, a political fundamental ideology. To start with their motto: “Allah is our objective. The Prophet is our leader. The Qur'an
is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope” (“Homepage” Muslim Brotherhood Movement, 2004). Firstly to explain what Jihad means for a lot of people, it means “Holy war” and also the struggle to defend the Islam (with force if mandatory), because that is something the media learn us, but Jihad actually means more than holy war. It also means the struggle to build up a good Muslim society (BBC Religions Jihad, 2009). The slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood is: "Islam is the solution", if your motto and slogan is already so ...
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is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope” (“Homepage” Muslim Brotherhood Movement, 2004). Firstly to explain what Jihad means for a lot of people, it means “Holy war” and also the struggle to defend the Islam (with force if mandatory), because that is something the media learn us, but Jihad actually means more than holy war. It also means the struggle to build up a good Muslim society (BBC Religions Jihad, 2009). The slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood is: "Islam is the solution", if your motto and slogan is already so offensive and radical, it will be very difficult to conquer the world with their religion, to tell the world that the Islam is the only religion that is an acceptable and peaceful religion for everybody. The ultimate goal of the Muslim Brotherhood is, and I quote: “to help Muslims be the best citizens they can be, but rather to extend Islamic law throughout Europe and the United States” (FrontPageMagazine.com, 2004). The Muslim Brotherhood want that the Islam will be expand throughout Europe and the United States. The only way the Islamic fundamentalist can do that, is mainly by spreading the word of God or through violence. The Muslim Brotherhood has made them eligible for the next election in June, in Libya. Under the rule of leader Muammar Gaddafi, the Muslim Brotherhood could not do anything, they did not even had freedom of movement (Nu.nl, 2012). After they captured and killed him last year, the Muslim Brotherhood can finally be free in Libya and be elected. If the Muslim Brotherhood will be the biggest party during the election in June, I think Libya will be seen differently by the rest of the other countries. The Muslim Brotherhood wants to make a new Arab nation of Libya, they want to make it a real Muslin country where the Sharia and the Quran will be the most important legislation. The Muslim Brotherhood is not in favour of separating religion and state, and that is why they want to have the Quran and the Sharia to be the important legislation. The only problem with the Sharia is, it can be interpreted differently by every judge of that country. Modernists, traditionalists and fundamentalists they have various views of the Sharia. Different countries, societies and cultures have varying interpretations of Sharia. Al Qaida is another Muslim political fundamental ideology, because Al Qaida goes further than the Muslim Brotherhood. Al Qaida is a huge network of people, who wants that the Islam is the only religion in the whole wide world. They want to accomplish that, not only by spreading the word, but also by doing terroristic attacks. Especially to countries that are against this idea/ideology, for example: America, England, France and so on. Al Qaida’s goal is to found a united nation as the former caliphate. The caliphate is also known as the Arab empire, which was founded by the prophet Mohammed. Al Qaida wants to replace the regime of the Arab empire by a regime of Muslim fundamentalists and want to introduce the sharia as their legislative. Fortunately there is just a small group of people who set deeds to their words and do terroristic attacks. Another Muslim fundamentalist is Sheik Haitham al-Haddad, he is a Brits controversial Muslim and Sharia scholar. Al-Haddad is eligible to verbalize verdicts as a judge under the Islamic Law. He was invited to discuss at the University of Amsterdam, but that was cancelled, because some parties in the parliament wanted to deny the access to The Netherlands. There was a lot of commotion about the thinking and spreading the word of this sheikh and incitement of hate. In the end he was still allowed to come to The Netherlands and have a discussion with some people who are against him and the Sharia/Islamic legislation he wants to introduce. An example of Sheikh Haitham al-Haddad, how he looks at the Arab-Israel conflict: “be ready to pay the price for this victory from our blood", while everybody wants to bring those countries together, the Sheikh is talking about a fight till the end. Sheikh Al-Haddad is telling the Muslims, "to prepare themselves for jihad, all over the world." This is not a way to help the problem solve, if you encourage the followers to fight against these people. There is a blog of the director of StandforPeace and he has some quotes of Sheikh al-Haddan for example: Al-Haddad was asked if stoning and hand lopping should be discontinued as a barbaric practice. His answer was, "As a Muslim we should know that our religion is perfect without any imperfection as Allah says, 'this day, I have perfected your religion for you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion'. Therefore, belittling them or calling them as out-of-date constitutes disbelief as Allah says." (Huffingtonpost/Afzal Hasan, 2012). Al-Haddad's tribunal has issued a number of fatwas, in a question asked to him on why sharia law considers two women the equivalent of one man, he answers with the following, "The text (Surah Al-Baqara 2:282) which requires two female witnesses in place of one male witness, gives a clear reason for it i.e. "if one of them forgets, the other reminds her." Is this derogatory to the status of the women or is it a revealed secret about the nature of the women?". The misogyny and extremism is laid bare. (Huffingtonpost/Afzal Hasan, 2012). The Seikh also said: “Jews are the enemies of God” (NOS.nl, 2012). I think it is a disgrace to have people like this telling preaching and telling that, what he is saying is the truth. When he came to The Netherlands in February 2012, he was in a television program for a discussion. There were two presenters and one of them was a woman. Sheikh Haitham al-Haddad refused to go to the table and have a discussion with the woman at the table, because she was not wearing a head veil. The Islamic modern thinkers are maybe for the Muslim community modern, they think maybe a little bit more in comparison with people living in the past, but they are still not really modern for me. The modern Islamic thinkers are more like a traditionalists, they have their traditional book, the Sharia, but adjust it to this time where they are living in now. That is what traditionalist do, have their traditional things, but just adjust them, so it can fit in our society. A traditionalist would say: “let us walk in the footsteps of our ancestors, just as it has always been”, but a modern Islamic thinker would be right across that thinking and wants to go back to the source it came from. Modern Islamic thinkers do not want to go on with the tradition they have learned about the Islam, they want to go back to the roots of the Islam and work from there on, because everything that came afterward of the Islam is being infected. “One of the cardinal tenets of Islamic Fundamentalism is to protect the purity of Islamic precepts from the adulteration of speculative exercises. Related to fundamentalism is Islamic revival or resurgence, a renewed interest in Islam. Behind all this is a drive to purify Islam in order to release all its vital force (Hiro, 1988 Page 1)”. Sayyid Qutb is one of the modern Islamic thinkers, together with Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Syed Abul Ala Maududi, Mohammed Abdul and Rashid Rida. Sayyid Qutb wanted to go back to the real Islam, like it was when their prophet was living. That was the real Islam, totally pure and the original religion. According to Sayyid Qutb, the Islam is contaminated, during the colonisation and conquests by other countries, and that is why Qutb wants to go back to the original Islam, when the prophet Mohammed was living. He wanted to have a Jihad in the name of God (Allah) and his prophet Muhammad and national equality according to the laws of God almighty. The Islam, according to Qutb, discarded its purity in the generations after Muhammad and only a return to the “true faith” could save his religion, Jihad was needed (nebuchadnezzarwoollyd.blogspot.com, 2008). Qutb himself was influenced by the ideas of Syed Abul Ala Maududi, he was the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, a political party in Pakistan. His famous book is: Tafhim al-Qur'an (The Meaning of the Qur'an), and it nearly took him 30 years to write it. Maududi said that without a Sharia as legislation a Muslim society cannot be Islamic. A quote of Qutb was: “freedoms of Western women were an illusion. In his view a woman is better protected by the paternal Islamic state rather than be a sex object for by any random passer-by” (nebuchadnezzarwoollyd.blogspot.com, 2008). Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was also one of the founders of modern Islamic thinkers. His political intension or message was that Muslims had to united them through pan-Islamism to fight against colonialism. “In terms of political reform, Islamic modernists sought to adopt aspects of European political systems on the one hand, and to reassert Islam as a socio-political system in perfect harmony with modernity on the other (Gaus Gerald, F., Kukathas, C., 2004, Page 367)”. The modern Islamic thinkers were also thinking about an European political system, but it never came so far. To summarize, in the beginning I was thinking that Islamic Fundamentalism is not a modern political ideology, and after reading a lot and doing research, I came to the conclusion that Islamic Fundamentalism is still not a modern political ideology, for me. Maybe for the Arab countries they find themselves modern, or at least they are trying to go on a modern path, but still in a lot of other Arab countries they follow the Sharia as it is their only legislation, and punish them like it is said in the Sharia, even though the Sharia is a not written legislation. The Sharia is an ancient’s old statement that is being used for judicial decisions. Another problem with the Sharia is that it can be interpreted different by every person. So for example, if you committed a crime in Saudi-Arabia you can have a different verdict rather than if you committed the same crime in Iran, only because the judge interpreted the Sharia differently. “There is a general agreement on the basic principles of fundamentalism, the manner in which the movement is conducted varies widely from country to country. The mere fact that Islamic Fundamentalism is the creed of the Saudi and Iranian regimes does not imply that they act in unison abroad or follow identical policies at home (Hiro, 1988, page 4)”. Furthermore there is also stoning of women and men’s, what is still a barbaric thing that happens. Are people who throw the stones fundamentalist/ extremist? I think they are true Muslims, following the exact order of their leader. I do not find these things very modern for a political ideology. It would be very hard to ban this kind of things in a society where it is normal. It is their religion. Quran 9.29 "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day" (postatesofislam.com/Quran, 2003). Besides these arguments, I also find it difficult to believe that women and man are equal in the Islam. I have read that: “Islam is the religion of equality”. What they should say is that Islam is the religion of justice” (islamqa.info, 2012). They do not need to talk about equality, because there are differences between a male and female, you need to talk about justice. While there are other people who also have the Quran as the basis of their religion and also a Hadith which has a different view on this. They say that male and female are not equal. The male is the most dominant person: “When one of them gets a baby girl, his face becomes darkened with overwhelming grief. Ashamed, he hides from the people, because of the bad news given to him. He even ponders: should he keep the baby grudgingly, or bury her in the dust. Miserable indeed is their judgment.(16:58-59)” (submission.info, 2002). To call these barbarians modern, I do not think so, if they do not think they are equal. They are modern in some things like technology, but not in their thinking. So, in conclusion I can see that I do not find Islamic fundamentalism a modern political ideology, although they are on their way to be a modern ideology, it only takes a long time to get there and the speed they are working in, I think it will take centuries. Bibliography Afsaruddin, A., Brown, AC J., Hoodboy, P. A., Ibrahim, S. E., Kadivar, M., Rabb, I., Yilmaz, H., Zeghal, M. (2012), ‘Contemporary Muslim Thinkers on Good Governance’ [online], available from: <http://islamgoodgovernance.weebly.com/speakers.html> [ 5 March 2012]Afzal, H. 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