Evaluate the rationale for green direct action and, using empirical examples, assess its effectiveness.

Evaluate the rationale for green direct action and, using empirical examples, assess its effectiveness. Twenty years ago in the UK, the phrase 'green direct action' would have probably brought to mind the audacious and publicity seeking activities of Greenpeace, such as little dinghies bobbing along next to huge ocean whalers (Carter 2001: 131); or the direct actions of Friends of the Earth, notably in the campaign to return non-returnable drinks bottles to Schweppes (Carter 2001: 138). However, by the mid-1980s most observers agreed that, although once notorious for their direct action stunts, these groups had undergone a process of institutionalisation, which had blunted their radical edge (Carter 2001: 131; Garner 2000: 145; Jordan & Maloney: 1997). The green movement became almost exclusively dominated by reformist conventional pressure strategies. However, the 1990s saw "substantial changes in the character of British environmentalism" as "environmentalism in the UK suddenly seemed to take a radical turn" (Doherty et al. 2000: 1). During the 1990s environmental direct action was hardly out of the news, as the British public became familiar with anti-road protesters perched in trees, Reclaim the Streets parties and GM crop sabotage to name just a few of the many examples (Connelly & Smith 2003: 68; Millar 1999). This sudden up-rise in green direct action leads us to ask

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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What did the Republic of Hungary require to do, to achieve an effective system of environmental law in preparation of joining the European Union?

Environmental Law Module Leader: Module Code: Economic activity inevitably stress on the environment. An effective system can help achieve a balance between these too often competing forces. Membership of the European Regime requires such an effective system of law. What did the Republic of Hungary require to do, to achieve an effective system of environmental law in preparation of joining the European Union? Student ID: Name: Research Report I began my research with hard copies. I started with recommended books on the relevant topic. First, I read Environmental Law (Bell and McGillivray). Although, I did not find the latest edition at Stratford Public Library but it was very helpful in identifying principles such as; sustainable development, precautionary principle and the 'polluter pays' principle. I carried on with the research and discovered a book on the Environmental Policy in the European Union (John McCormick), that book assisted me to obtain a wide knowledge of European environmental law. I started to search journals, European Environmental Law Reviews and the Journal of Environmental Law at London Met Library. Scanning through the headings and further reading, I located articles relating to Hungary and environmental implementation procedures. I took notes from those relevant Reviews between 1992- April 2004. Following some references from the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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ARE THE ENVIRONMENT LAW PRINCIPLES EFFECTIVELY REFLECTED IN GAMBIAN LAWS: DISCUSS

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ASSIGNMENT MAT. No. 2080529 ARE THE ENVIRONMENT LAW PRINCIPLES EFFECTIVELY REFLECTED IN GAMBIAN LAWS: DISCUSS October 2010 ARE THE ENVIRONMENT LAW PRINCIPLES EFFECTIVELY REFLECTED IN OUR LAWS: DISCUSS The environmental law and principles to be discussed in this Assignment includes: Sustainable development Polluter Pay Principle Precautionary Measures Institutional and legal framework and Multi Environmental Agreements (MEA) in the Gambia I Introduction In the 1970s and 80s Gambia developed a relatively active body of environmental legislation and according to the State of the Environment Report, the Banjul declaration of 1977 called for action to address environment and natural resources management in The Gambia. The enactment of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) by government in 1987 and the establishment of the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC provided the legal framework for environmental planning, management and development. This institutional arrangement led to the participatory approach in the preparation in the Gambia National Action Plan phase I and II which provides for the implementation of the international environmental and natural resources management-related conventions to which Gambia is a party to. This will be discussed later. The 9th Session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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Regulatory controls have proved a useful mechanism for achieving environmental protection, but the time has now come to consider a wider range of powers, and the use of economic instruments by Regulators. Critically analyse this sta

''Regulatory controls have proved a useful mechanism for achieving environmental protection, but the time has now come to consider a wider range of powers, and the use of economic instruments by Regulators.'' Critically analyse this statement. The environmental traditional approach had the characteristic of being free from regulatory standards with very few prosecution and enforcement powers. Unlike the modern approach from the 1970s, the standards were set locally. The shift in approach was a consequence of unmet expectations and due to the EC Directives which favour uniform nationally set standards followed by formal powers of prosecution. Moreover, since the last decade, criticisms arose against the 'command-and-control' approach which proved to be costly and formal with hints of discretion abuse. Therefore, a new system with other instruments was again set to adapt to the new world and to combat further pollution rise. Comparing the British regulatory system with the rule-oriented rigid standards of the USA, Vogel classifies the English system as flexible and informal.1 The 1986 statement hints on the readiness of the UK environmental protection activists to accept a less imposing approach to allow other instruments to work alongside the administrative regulations, if they prove to be more successful maintaining a sustainable development. Characterising the British

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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Critically discuss and explain how law and policy endeavours to protect the environment

CRITICALLY DISCUSS AND EXPLAIN HOW LAW AND POLICY ENDEAVOURS TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT "One of Gov's objectives is high employment and maintaining high levels of growth: another objective is effective protection of the environment" if uncharitably regarded as competing rather than compatible critically discuss and explain how law and policy endeavours to protect the environment in light of such apparently contradictory and conflicting interests" Unlike the usually quoted1 Brundtland Report definition,2 the "apparently contradictory and conflicting interests" of economic and social development and environmental protection are synonymous with a more modern definition3 of interdependent, but mutually re-enforcing interests,4 of sustainable development (SD),5 "...meeting needs in ways which deliver social progress, protection of the environment, better resource use, economic growth and employment by having a stable and competitive economy."6 This definition, already previously used in UK and EU policies and legislation uses, a three-pillared approach7 making environmental protection marginally less important, when weighed against socio-economic development, as concentrating on present generation needs and addressing environmental damage rather than conservation of natural, possibly finite, resources for future generation's use. SD centers on economic growth and

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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The case of Barr v. Biffa Waste Services1 is a recent case which specifically adjudicates on both the interplay between environmental permits and the common law of nuisance and the application of statutory authority as a defence for nuisance.

The case of Barr v. Biffa Waste Services[1] is a recent case which specifically adjudicates on both the interplay between environmental permits and the common law of nuisance and the application of statutory authority as a defence for nuisance. The pursuers were seeking damages for the odour which was emanating from the landfill site operated by the defendants, the pursuers basing this claim in private nuisance. Nuisance, under the common law, is when an activity from one party unreasonably prevents the other from enjoying or using their property.[2] The law of nuisance only applies to cases where the activity complained of is unreasonable; the reasonable use of land cannot be subject to an action under nuisance.[3] The reasonableness of an action is judged from the pursuer’s perspective, and takes into account factors such as the character of the neighbourhood. However, the courts recognise that both environmental and planning law can play a role in defining nuisance.[4] Part of the significance of this case is the non-application of statutory authority, which follows previous case law and the principles of public policy. Further, the effect of the judgement on the interplay between the common law and legislation marks this case as a significant milestone for environmental law. Statutory Authority It is recognised in case law that if an act which causes an actionable

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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Health and Safety Enforcement and Compliance Strategies

Enforcement and Compliance Strategies Enforcement Options Regulatory Authorities Health and safety is regulated by local authorities and the Health and Safety Executive who have a range of enforcement options available to them. The Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 1998 (EA Regulations) allocate the enforcement of health and safety legislation between local authoritiess and the Health and Safety Executive according to the main activity carried out on the premises. Schedule 1 outlines the activities for which the local authority is the main enforcing authority. These include retailing, wholesale distribution, office activities, catering services, residential accommodation, cosmetic service and theraputic treatments, child care and most of the consumer/leisure industry. Schedule 2 outlines the activities for which the Health and Safety Executive is the main enforcing authority, including; construction, mines/quarries, gas and electricity maintenance or repair, agricultural activities, railway operation and anything run or owned by the local authority. Basis for Enforcement of Health and Safety The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, section 18 (1) requires the HSE to make adequate arrangements for enforcement of any relevant statutory provisions. Section 18 (4)a makes it the duty of the local authority to make adequate arrangements for the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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the precautionary principle

Environmental Law Even if the European Community had been into existence since 1952, the Single European Act 1986 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 were the first providers of some protection for the environment. Europe's environmental policy was developed throughout the Environmental Action Programmes published in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1983, 1987 and 1992. The European Community's position it is set out in Article 2 of the EC Treaty: The community shall have an its task, by establishing a common market and an economic and monetary union and by implementing common policies or activities referred to in Arts 3 and 4, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities, a high level of employment and of social protection, equality between men and women, sustainable and non inflationary growth, a high degree of competitiveness and convergence of economic performance, a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among member states. The objectives of the EC policy are set out in the Treaty's Article 174(1): - Preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment - Protecting human health - Prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources - Promoting measures at

  • Word count: 2365
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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Polluter Pays Principle

Is Authorship Attribution Useful and Should It be Used in Criminal Trials? Introduction Forensic linguists are often called to court to answer one or both of two questions; what does a given text say and/or who is the author.1 In order to answer these question linguists draw on sub-areas of descriptive linguistics including; semantics, the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text, phonology, the study of the sound system of a given language and morphology, the admissible arrangement of sounds in words. This paper is looking solely at the second questions; who is the author? In particular the issues arising from authorship attribution, this report will analyse its real usefulness in criminal trials by looking at previous case law, and then continue by discussing if authorship attribution should be used at all, focusing on issues such as reliability of method, sample size and the possibility of an individual idiolect. This paper will not consider the individual jurisdictions, however it must be noted that USA courts are far more hesitant about the use of forensic linguists during criminal proceedings. What is Authorship Attribution? Authorship attribution, also known as authorship identification/comparison, is just one area of forensic linguistics that has been exercising minds since the time of ancient Greek playwrights.2 The practice itself involves determining

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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What is the Purpose of Environmental Law

What is the Purpose of Environmental Law? Significant developments in environmental law can be traced back to the 1800s; and dealt largely with public health concerns initially.[1]Only since the 1970s however, has ‘environmental law’ as a separate concept formed to tackle the objective of ‘sustainable development’.[2]Common law too has played an equally vital part in between these developments.[3]Indeed, the purpose of environmental laws from 1800s to present has shifted.[4]This shift in purpose shall be discussed, but firstly, taking into considerations the definitions of ‘purpose’,[5] ‘environment’,[6] and‘law’[7] ; the question shall be interpreted to ask – what the intention of the values are in law and policy,concerning the air, land, and water. Victorianenvironmental law reflected very muchthe concerns of ‘nuisances’[8] to public health. Industrialisation only accentuated these concerns within popular values and provisions were taken to intentionally rid the people of such ‘nuisance’. An early example of this creeping concern is the Factories Act 1833.[9]Victorians had mere appreciation of‘nuisance’. What would be considered as pollution in modern perspective was seen as an indicator of prosperity in Victorian Britain.[10] Nevertheless, public health concerns materialised in environmental ‘nuisance’ law. To illustrate, the Smoke

  • Word count: 2156
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
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