To what extent did the New Poor Law of 1834 achieve its aims?
To what extent did the New Poor Law of 1834 achieve its aims? The extent to which the New Poor Law of 1834 achieved its aims can be evaluated using the gift of hindsight, and a critical analysis of the implementation and products of the act. The Whig government, under the leadership of Lord Grey faced what can be seen as a social, political and economic crisis between 1829-1832, the call for a more realistic and wide ranging approach to social problems was the by-product of Britain's industrial expansion. The need to review the ancient Elizabethan statutes, how efficiently they managed to combat the problem of poverty, and the administration of poor relief, was eventually realised. When considering the level of legislation afforded to the problem of poverty and the relative frequency of the renewal of these guidelines, the issue appears to have been shamefully neglected, the continued use of an Elizabethan statute to govern poverty whilst Britain was so far advances economically and in an industrial sense, makes the need for an effective and modern approach to improving the lives of the impoverished all the more necessary. The current system, managed to provide a relative system of dependence. The Speenhamland System, provided a variable amount of relief according to the size of a labourers family and the fluctuating price of bread, this system merely encouraged and in
Are human rights and multiculturalism compatable
Are Human rights and multiculturalism compatible? In 1993 the Vienna declaration made at the World conference on Human rights stated that 'The universal nature of all human rights and fundamental freedoms is beyond question.'(Vienna world conference on human rights, 1993) This essay will aim to answer whether in this world of cultural diversity, it is possible and acceptable for Human rights to be a universal system or if multiculturalism means that universality of rights is an impossibility. It will focus on the Western individualist approach that the human rights system incorporates and see how this bias may affect the acceptance and compatibility of human rights in the East. It will also look to question whether certain human rights are fundamental across cultures and others incompatible; or if Human rights can be truly universal despite or by incorporating diversity in both the political and civil laws and the economic social and cultural laws. It has been argued that for Human rights to exist as a concept and a reality that they have to be truly universal. The idea of multiculturalism meaning that a universal doctrine can not be enforced globally, many argue to be redundant. Peter Jones writing on the question of Human rights and diverse cultures, puts forward the argument that while human beings are diverse in nature through physical and personal characteristics 'that
The Prince
The Prince Machiavelli broke the pattern set in classical political thought; His perception of ethics and politics are severly different than of those before him. Machiavelli preaches to individuals referred to as princes, who seek glory and power to become cold calculating effective dictators. Machiavelli takes a radical stand on leadership, on how to run the state in an appropriate manner. According to Machiavelli, a prince's ultimate objective is political stability and maintaining the states sovereignty. The backbone of the state must be that of a military style rule. A prince must act as a dictator in order to maintain his position as the sole ruler. Machiavelli assumes shared power will not be effective with other nobles, "since the nobles are more perceptive and cunning....furthermore a prince must always live with the common people"1. Considering, the nobles are unforgiving and greedy it would be dangerous if not downright suicidal for a prince to rely on their good will. Machiavelli's view of human nature, his concept of virtu, and the role of morality in government are the essential skills required by any ruler to establish a safe and thriving state based on one absolute leader. Niccolò Machiavelli has a despairing outlook on humans in society. Common man is described as being a simple-minded deceitful creature, wicked, selfish, and bent on wanting money and
Critically assess the notion; 'Privatising Prisons is 'Morally Wrong''
Critically assess the notion; 'Privatising Prisons is 'Morally Wrong'' By, Mr Charanjit Landa 6 December 2002 Introduction The following piece of written work aims to critique the notion that; privatisation of prisons is morally wrong. The piece it self is not long enough to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the whole moral argument, of which there are many facets, this written work aims to provide an overview of the main points. The area is controversial, it has been described by politicians as 'morally repugnant'1. There has always been and always will be differing attitudes towards private prisons, labellised as commercialisation or 'cashing in' on a very profitable market, I will consider this amongst other issues further. I feel it axiomatic to consider the arguments for and against privatisation, penal policy, reform and political attitude and how the moral ground provides justification against privatisation. As well as this I will also consider the human rights aspect to the privatisation argument. I will go on to look at the aspect that the government should be responsible for penal punishment and should bear the responsibility for standards and treatment of prisoners. Finally I will also consider throughout if there is an alternative to prisons and privatisation of, and whether the moral argument really holds any weight at all. First and foremost
MA (law) research question 2003/4.
MA (law) research question 2003/4 To approach my client's case, a brief summarisation of the essential facts is required. Mr Apoe, who had been on a tourist visa for some time, last year had his application to remain in the UK as a resident turned down. He was expressly told by the authorities that a 'genetic fingerprint' yielded from a compulsory blood test was needed for the purposes of an identity card should his application be successful. It is possible that the results of his 'genetic fingerprint' contributed towards the subsequent refusal of his application. In assessing the legality of this decision, it is clear that the issues of consent, data protection, and human rights are vital. This paper intends to examine each of these issues, garnering relevant statutes and common law judgments, then gauging their effect on the case in hand. This is important as merely offering a theoretical analysis of the three issues would not yield any tangible benefit for the client. Consequently, possible avenues of appeal against the decision will be raised, as will potential remedies. As a result concrete advice can be given to the client. It will be submitted, however, that the three issues are not mutually exclusive, instead tangling together in a complicated manner. The thread of consent, though appearing in its own right in certain precedents, weaves right through data protection
To what extent do property rights and human rights overlap or coalesce? Has the Human Rights Act 1998 introduced new human rights of property?
Land Law Essay 2 (from Supervision 2 sheet) Q.8 To what extent do property rights and human rights overlap or coalesce? Has the Human Rights Act 1998 introduced new human rights of property? The impact of the 1998 Human Rights Act (HRA) upon English land law is one of significant importance in the changing nature of 'property'. Certain rights given under the HRA operate to blur the distinction between personal and property rights. Since domestic legislation must now be given effect 'in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights', with it also being unlawful for any public authority to act 'in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right' it is becoming more pre-dominant today that the quantum of property which any person may claim in land is curtailed by human rights considerations. Conversely, many rights under the Convention may operate to give a person certain proprietary interests which they may not have had before. Thus the way in which the Act works with, overlaps or goes against English land law is of particular importance for both the people with or without a proprietary interest in land. Many rights exercised by those with property rights overlap with Human Rights. For example an estate owner often exercises an arbitrary right of exclusion, this can be said to overlap with the right to 'peaceful enjoyment of... possessions' under ECHR Protocol no
Are human rights compatible with the fear of terrorism? Discuss this question with specific reference to the UK and human rights act 1998.
Are human rights compatible with the fear of terrorism? Discuss this question with specific reference to the UK and human rights act 1998. When considering this question we need to first establish meanings of the terms. Human rights has previously been defined by the new oxford dictionary as the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law, however we must look for a broader and more inclusive definition. Mary Robinson, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and former president of Ireland, said she is working to broaden the definition of human rights. Robinson, who is the second person to hold the position of human rights commissioner since it was created in 1993 said, "We have to be strong advocates of both sets of rights and see the interdependencies between them." The rights should include not only the civil and political rights that most industrialised and western societies adopt but also "economic, social and cultural rights" such as the right to food, clothing, housing, medical care and education, that are lacking in many countries. At the international level with specific relation to the root problems of terrorism, Robinson said, that working with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and officials of other
Is existing a necessary condition for the possession of rights?
Is existing a necessary condition for the possession of rights? The first issue we need to look at here is what the condition 'existing' actually means, so we can define the categories of being we will be regarding when it comes to deciding if they have any rights. To exist, it seems, is to be a living, breathing human being (if we limit this study to humans) that inhabits the earth similarly to all others of its species. In other words, existing is living an everyday life, in which we eat, sleep, and breathe the air, and so this for a start excludes dead persons - who do none of the above - and also those in utero; foetuses which are still in the womb, and are developing towards living this life of existing as others do. Existing beings can also be said to have a complex thought process, and a set of beliefs and desires, which lead them to have a consciousness of themselves, and a desire to live. Again, dead persons and foetuses - as far as we know - have neither, and this also brings human vegetables in to the problem, as many are totally unaware of what is going on around them. But for this study we will take existing to mean simply inhabiting the earth in the most basic way, as others do in order to stay alive; namely eating and drinking, breathing and sleeping. On the subject of the deceased, Joel Feinberg1 says a dead man is a "mere corpse, a piece of decaying
Critically examine the relationship between citizenship and nationality.
Critically examine the relationship between citizenship and nationality. Name: Allistair Short Course: BA Politics and Government Module: PO 3125 Tutor: Keith Faulks Critically examine the relationship between citizenship and nationality. In order to critically examine the relationship between and nationality it is important to take into account the following factors. Firstly, where it is possible to clearly define citizenship and nationality. Secondly, the history of both citizenship and nationality and to what extent they have a relationship with one another. Finally, it is equally important to look at the future of citizenship and nationality and whether or not either or both have a future. Nationality has been defined as "The state of a person in relation to the nation in which he was born. A man retains his nationality of origin during his minority, but, as in the case of his domicil of origin, he may change his nationality upon attaining full age; he cannot, however, renounce his allegiance without permission of the government."(1) In simpler terms this means that we usually owe our nationality to the country in which we are born. The term nationality derives from the Roman god Natio, who was goddess of birth and origin. (2) Citizenship has been defined as "the relationship between the individual and the state, and among individuals within a state."(3) That is to
Administrative Law: In January 1993 the U.K. Parliament passed the (fictitious) Welsh Language Pres
Administrative Law: In January 1993 the U.K. Parliament passed the (fictitious) Welsh Language Pres In January 1993 the U.K. Parliament passed the (fictitious) Welsh Language Preservation Act 1993 after approval of its provisions by a two thirds majority of the electorate in Wales voting in a referendum. The Act includes the following provisions. (1) In all schools and other educational institutions in Wales all employees, regardless of their duties, shall hold a certificate of proficiency in the Welsh language. (2) In all other areas of employment, employers may give preference to holders of a certificate of proficiency in the Welsh language, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any other enactment. (3) No Bill may be presented to Parliament to repeal or amend any provision of this Act, including this section, without a two thirds majority of the electorate in Wales voting in a referendum and any enactment thereafter passed shall be deemed not to affect the validity or terms of this Act unless enacted in accordance with this section. Discuss the legal implications of each of the following alternative situations; (a) In 1994 a Bill is passed through Parliament repealing this Act without a prior referendum; It is suggested that "Parliamentary supremacy was assured by the Glorious Revolution of 1688" (Turpin) and many legal commentators and case law would