During this project our focus was on the inclusion and exclusion of people on the basis of a criminal record.

INTRODUCTION AIMS AND OBJECTIVES During this project our focus was on the inclusion and exclusion of people on the basis of a criminal record. We dealt with a minority of prisoners; specifically on the experience of a male ex-prisoner. Following an interview to be held with one such individual, we aspired to: . Acquire information about the experience of life in prison and what it means to spend time there. 2. Get a clearer picture of what goes on within a correctional facility. 3. Gather information on the way one feels regarding inclusion and exclusion during the time spent in prison. 4. Become familiar with how an ex-prisoner feels on returning to the community. 5. Explore the views of an ex-prisoner with regards to how he feels society can integrate these individuals better; not making them feel unwanted. QUALITY OF LIFE Correctional facilities are institutions there to exclude individuals; as a form of punishment for acting in opposition to the laws, rules and regulations of a particular society. As a result, inclusion doesn't form part of such a facility. Consequently, the prisoners' quality of life suffers, together with their psychological health and personal identity. In terms of relationships; while completing the prison term, the prisoner may feel that he/she is lacking the past connection with family and friends, as visiting hours are restricted.

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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Henry V - History of a Hero?

Henry V - History of a Hero? In act one, scene one of Henry VI Part 1 some of the remaining characters from Henry V stand, following the death of King Henry V, and discuss the nature of their former monarch. King Henry the Fifth, too famous to live long! England ne'er lost a king of so much worth. England ne'er had a king until his time. Virtue he had, deserving to command.1 Their memories of the young king seem to sit well with some of the opinions of characters in Henry V, "I love the lovely bully", and indeed with history itself, "a military leader with a clear idea of virtue and leadership"2. However other characters in Henry V offer us less favourable opinions, "I'll never trust his word after", "Aye he said so, to make us fight more cheerfully. But when our throats are cut he may be ransomed, and we ne'er the wiser." Audience members are showing executions, foul language and scant regard for human life, promting Gerald Gould to ask Is it seriously maintained that Shakespeare means us to admire Henry here?3 So what is it about both the play and the character which makes him so open to debate? Why can some people see him as "the mirror of all Christian kings", whilst others accuse him of being a "brutal opportunist", and "subtle protagonist"? Henry has himself always occupied a special place in the annals of English history. Literature, including, though not

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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Henry VIII'skey reason for the reformation.

Henry VIII's key reason for the reformation The break from Rome was the ending of Papal rule in England. Up until 1534 the Head of the Church in Catholic Europe (including England) was the Pope in Rome. However for several reasons which I shall discuss in this study, Henry VIII of England in 1534 decided to replace the Pope as Head of the Church in England and appointed himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England and consequently ruling England as a Catholic country without the Pope. The points needed to be looked at in this study are the state of the pre-reformation church, power and money, and the divorce from Catherine of Aragon. State of the pre-reformation church It has been argued that the pre-reformation church was a corrupt and failing institution and therefore Henry had to totally overthrow the running of the church and appoint himself as the Supreme Head in order to reform church practice. Traditionally many historians have argued that the people of the early 16th century agreed with Henry in his decision because the church in England was a deeply unpopular institution. Anti-clericalism according to this line of argument was widespread. As G R Elton puts it, "People in England thought little of Priests". The clergy were widely despised. At the top, Archbishops and Bishops were disliked for their wealth and ostentation with Wolsey being an obvious

  • Word count: 4250
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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Shakespeare's illustrations of Kingship in Richard II and Henry IV pts. I & II

Shakespeare's illustrations of Kingship in Richard II and Henry IV pts. I & II In these plays there is an interesting blend of perspectives towards the issue of kingship. The first is that of Richard II whose claim to the throne is considered just but whose ability to lead is poor; in effect he may be regarded as the complacent king. We then look through the eyes of Henry IV whose claim to the throne in terms of the laws of succession is unstable but who, as a man, has won the support of the people on merit. Finally there is the perspective of Hal. In many respects he has had the benefit of the experience of both his predecessors. He is at once the son of a man who has usurped the throne, but at the same time the son of a man who has earned his crown on merit. Moreover he is at least the legal successor to his father. In these plays Shakespeare embraces these various perspectives and takes us through the pros and cons of each king¹s position. In order to establish Shakespeare¹s views on kingship it is helpful to examine various aspects of the issue in turn. The concept of a king as God¹s minister on earth is most prevalent in Richard II since he is the only king who we shall dicuss who fills this role. It is still an important issue in relation to Henry IV but this time in terms of how having usurped the crown, and consequently not inheriting this role, destabilizes

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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Shakespeare - King Henry V.

Shakespeare King Henry V In Henry V, Shakespeare gives us many different views of Henry V, both as a man and as a king. Choose two contrasting scenes and explore the ways in which Shakespeare brings out these differences in his play. King 'Henry V' is just one out of the five Shakespeare's English history plays, most of the audience would have seen the other two plays such as Richard II and Henry IV. It was written in 1599, very near end of Queen Elizabeth I 's reign, last tutors monarch descended from Lancastrian lines and Henry V is the great early Lancastrian king. This is probably why William Shakespeare choose Henry or Hal, because Shakespeare does seem to be responding to popular interest in young male heroes, an example would be Earl of Essex, his possession of wit, being able to handle puns, metaphors, similes, showing us how good he is. Shakespeare got his story from Holished's chronicles of England, Scotland and Anon; the famous Victories of Henry V containing the honorable buttell of Agincourt (1594). In Richard II, it tells how Henry's father, Bullingbrook, deposes King Richard and is crowned King Henry IV. Henry IV Parts1 & 2 tells of the young manhood of Henry (Hal). As Prince of Wales, 'he frequents the Boar's Head Tavern, Eastcheap, and learns much from Falstaff, his alternative father-figure. He rejects Falstaff on becoming king.' And finally Henry V

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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From Hal to Henry V - The Making of a King.

Pamela DeSilva 2-9-03 Eng 448 Tues From Hal to Henry V The Making of a King 1 Henry IV was probably written and first acted in 1596. Theatre was still a very new concept since it was not born until 1576. For the higher, educated class, the history plays would be of familiar subject. Shakespeare, however, had to be rather careful on how these stories were presented as not to offend the nobles and especially the royalty. Though 1 Henry IV is a sequel to Richard II, it is hard to imagine two more different plays telling parts of the same story. While Richard II is entirely in verse, essentially a true story, and mostly about the aristocracy, 1 Henry IV mixes prose and poetry, turns historical fact into Shakespearean fiction and includes a wide cast of characters that can be found in actual history. Shakespeare uses the real characters as a basis for those he will develop with the real goal being the development of Prince Hal into King Henry V. The story itself is important to tell but by the end of the tetralogy, the comparisons and contrasts of the surrounding characters (even King Henry IV) seem to be tools to tell the story of the maturation and rise of Henry V. Shakespeare needs a wide variety of ages and classes in order to tell his story. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that Shakespeare has put all of England in one play. Though definitely not done

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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To What Extent Did Thomas Cromwell Shape The English Reformation?

To What Extent Did Thomas Cromwell Shape The English Reformation? The nature of the English Reformation has generated fierce debate among scholars since writing began on the subject. Assumptions have changed and opinions have varied, but from Elton and Dickens to the 'revisionists' the prominent historians of the 20th Century have all agreed that Thomas Cromwell played a significant role in the tumultuous events of the 1530's. However, it is disputed whether it was King or Minister who orchestrated the reforms of the Reformation Parliament. Did Cromwell merely respond to the opportunities Henry VIII presented him with, or would events have differed considerably without Cromwell's presence? Cromwell's administrative genius made him a truly exceptional statesman; arguably as effective and capable as England has ever seen. It could be said that in just a decade of power he permanently changed the course of English history, laying the first steps of religious reform on which Protestantism climbed its way to state religion. This of course is the central dispute here, but what is clear is that as Chief Minister he was blessed with a logical and efficient mind in an age all too devoid of them. Cromwell was determined to empower the machinery of state and in the process made statute law the 16th century's greatest weapon. He used Johann Gutenberg's invention of printing press to

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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William of Malmesbury is touted as one of the greatest historians of his time.

At the time of William of Malmesbury's birth in Wiltshire, England, Norman rule had reined for approximately 30 years and it was evident that England was "well along the path of recovery from the chaos which followed the Norman Conquest" (Thompson, p.1). The exact date of William's birth is still debated, with most historians placing it around the year 1095. For a man that was well known for his meticulous nature and his desire for accurate and thorough research in his historical writings, he "left few facts of a personal nature to be recorded of him; and even these can be casually gleaned from his own writings" (Chronicle, p.vi). It is evident in his preface to Book III of The History of the Kings of England that he was of Norman and English decent, referring to both and stating that "the blood of either people flows through my veins"(Chronicle, p.258). William is touted as one of the most important writers of his time. His work has been criticized by some, more often than not for his style and few historical inaccuracies (criticisms that will be addressed later on), however, most modern historians see him as "unquestionably the greatest of the twelfth century historians" (Golding, p.8) and saw the abbey of Malmesbury as having "an undistinguished history except for a brief period of fame, roughly the first half of the twelfth century, during which William of Malmesbury was

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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"In relation to other factors, how far was Henry's desire for divorce the main cause of the Reformation in England in the 1530's?"

"In relation to other factors, how far was Henry's desire for divorce the main cause of the Reformation in England in the 1530's?" During the 16th Century, we see the beginnings of what turned out to be perhaps the greatest shift in religious doctrine from Catholicism to Protestantism England has ever experienced; The Reformation. Henry VIII's break from Rome in the 1530's certainly helped cause this. Nevertheless great historical debate has raged for many years over the reasoning behind severing the link with the Papacy. The most popular argument is that it was Henry's strong desire for divorce from Catherine of Aragon -- in an attempt to re-marry to ensure the succession with a male heir -- that bought about the break, where as others dispute this, campaigning for the case that it was mass social discontent with the existing church that was the cause. Some have even taken the stance that the exclusive reason for the break was based on Henry VIII's greed; his further want for greater power, control and wealth, while others suggesting that he was taken advantage of by ambitious members of the Church and the Inner Circle. Soon after his accession in 1509 Henry married Catherine of Aragon, nevertheless this was not a straightforward marriage, it required Papal dispensation based on the fact that Catherine had previously been married to Henry's brother Arthur, who had died

  • Word count: 2849
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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A poetics of the Elizabethan theatre is inseparable, in crucial respects, from a poetics of power.

A poetics of the Elizabethan theatre is inseparable, in crucial respects, from a poetics of power. To approach the above discussion it must first be made clear what is meant by "poetics." Todorov, in his book "Introduction to Poetics" (pg.7) defines poetics as a "name for everything that bears on the creation or composition of works having language at once as their substance and as their instrument." This helps us to understand what is meant by "A poetics of the Elizabethan Theatre" - an exploration of all the external and internal influences that shaped and made the said theatre what it was - but it is less helpful in trying to assess what is meant by "a poetics of power." However, with more thought, we can see that the above definition can be easily adapted to enable an interpretation of the meaning of this phrase to be made. "A poetics of power" will be taken to mean an inquiry, essentially, into the nature of power and its causes and effects, along with the inevitable moral questions which accompany it. More specifically it could be taken to mean an investigation into the factors influencing perceptions of power in Elizabethan times. To begin to examine whether a poetics of the theatre is inseparable in any respect from a poetics of power it is helpful to look at the mood and society of Elizabeth I's reign and the creative period of

  • Word count: 2847
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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