Computational Linguistics.
Computational Linguistics Brian Junker Computational linguistics is a highly advanced and up-to-date profession. The occupation, around for nearly sixty years, has focused on many things, including machine translation and other types of natural language computer processing. Today, computational linguists pilot forward new technologies, allowing humans to more effectively communicate with machines as well as other people. Straight out of high school, linguists must begin on an extremely rigorous academic preparation. A four-year Bachelor of the Arts degree in college and a Ph. D. in graduate school are essential. The job serves as a bridge between the typically academic career of a linguist and that of a computer scientist. The combination yields high salaries, interesting workplaces and a bright future. In 1946, first endeavors were made at using computers to process human speech. During the cold war, when there was much tension between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, each country wanted to find a quick, non-man-requiring way to translate one language to the other (Baucher). Computers seemed a viable tool; however, when these machine translation systems became active, their performance was far under the expectation. Thus, computational linguistics, the science of perfecting these and other natural language processing systems, was born (Ball).
How do people contribute to the catastrophic breakdown of complex automated technologies?
How do people contribute to the catastrophic breakdown of complex automated technologies? As scientific knowledge progresses and technological advances are made, greater dependence is placed upon automated systems and their complexities are, necessarily, increased. Whilst the systems themselves may be rigorously tested to ensure they operate correctly, errors can enter the system via the weak link in the chain - the human designers and operators. Unlike the machines that they operate, humans are not very good at doing the same task for a prolonged period, or at doing two things at once, and their performance becomes impaired if asked to do so, e.g. Casali & Wierewith 1984. Human errors therefore become almost an inevitability in a complex system and this has lead to much research into the causal factors behind errors and new ways of implementation to minimise their occurrence. Reason (1990) distinguishes between two types of error; latent errors, problems caused by poor design or implementation at a high level which may not be immediately apparent, and active errors, errors caused by front line operators which are often inherited from latent errors, although the consequences here are usually seen on site and are more immediately apparent. Latent errors are the more serious category for complex automated systems as they may not be apparent at the initial onset of system
Assess the relevance of metaphors to Human - Computer interaction from the perspective of the design
Assess the relevance of metaphors to Human - Computer interaction from the perspective of the design System metaphors appear to be attracting more and more attention and you often hear the term banded about in journals and conference proceedings. The aim of this essay is to examine the potential usefulness of metaphors to the users and designers of systems, concentrating, in particular, on the human-computer interface. It will hopefully be established whether system metaphors are phenomena worthy of serious thought or whether it is simply an empty term with no more than intuitive appeal which will be passed over and forgotten with time. The basic idea behind a metaphor is to understand a new concept in terms of one which is already familiar and understood. A well known metaphor is that of Rutherford's comparison of the hydrogen atom to the solar system. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) see language to be structured metaphorically and claim that this reflects the structure of thought processes in general: Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, p3) Many teachers have used metaphor and analogy to facilitate their pupils learning and indeed analogy seems to be a central aspect of learning. Metaphors can be distinguished from models by the partial nature of the correspondence between the old and new concept.
HCI (human-computer interaction).
HCI (human-computer interaction) Human-computer interaction is a field concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. It is a field concerned with many disciplines including computer graphics, the system part of computer science, operating systems, ergonomics, psychology, sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organisation) and industrial design (interactive products). There are several physical and psychological factors that can boost the effectiveness of human-computer interaction. For effective interaction, comfort for the human is essential. Furniture should be comfortable and adjustable as poorly designed chairs are responsible for back trouble. Lighting should be the appropriate intensity as well as being positioned appropriately to avoid casting shadows. Computer screens should be positioned away from light sources such as windows to avoid glare, and windows should have blinds to control the brightness of the room. Psychological factors play a big role in human-computer interaction. Information is transported through the sense - Vision, hearing, touch, and movement. The eye is less sensitive to blue than red or green light. There are much fewer shades of blue that the eye can distinguish between than red or green. Thus, important information should not be displayed in
Was the scientific revolution primarily one concerned with the solar system?
R. Jefferys November 2002 Was the scientific revolution primarily one concerned with the solar system? In the early modern period, scientific advancements paved the way for the findings, which we now take for granted, but back then were originally seen as a far more abstract concept. This was largely due to the work of men such as Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642), Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543), Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630), Tycho Brahe (1564 - 1601) and Ismael Boulliau (1605 - 1694) as well as others. Their work meant that whether it was believed or not originally, there was some sense of a revolution in the sciences giving us a greater understanding of the world in which we live. However the scientific revolution, which took place during the early modern period also signals something that has a far greater historical impact on the time. Whilst many may have predominantly looked skywards for answers to their questions, the revolution marked a new direction in renaissance thinking much closer to the ground. Whether it was the discoveries and new theories of the cosmos proposed by Copernicus or Galileo, or whether it was Gilbert's work on the magnet or even Bacon's work on learning, what came out of the scientific revolution was that the sciences rather than being their own separate entity were rather more inter-linked than originally thought. Therefore the scientific
Hybrid electoral systems the Additional Member System (AMS).
Hybrid electoral systems The Additional Member System (AMS) Introduction Proportional representation is not a voting system but a general term covering a number of systems which deliver seats to a party in proportion to the number of votes it receives. The Additional Member System usually comes under the umbrella of proportional representation as it partly uses a variation of the party list system. The system is really a hybrid of two voting systems which combine to give a proportional result. The Additional Member System was created by the Allies as an electoral system for post-Nazi Germany and was intended to provide stable government. It is a hybrid of the FPTP system and the Party List system. The operation of the AMS system Two key points which characterise the system: . Each voter casts two votes at the same time - one for a constituency MP and the other for a party. 2. There are two different types of MPs elected - constituency MPs and the 'additional members' (those elected using the party lists). The voter casts one vote for a constituency MP. This process is identical to the FPTP system as it operates on a simple majority basis. The candidate with the most votes wins, even if they poll fewer than half of the vote. The second vote is cast for a party; and the voter may wish to vote for a party different from the one supported in
Dimensional Modeling
Dimensional Modeling (With modeled examples of Inventory Management and HR Processes) Submitted To. Mr. Imran Khan Course Supervisor Advance Databases Submitted By. Mr.Kamran Ellahi FA03-MS-0019 Mr.Mohd Hanif SP04-MS-0006 Introduction Business intelligence is the key achromous in today's competitive world of business and Data Warehousing the approach for achieving this level of intelligence about your business from your business. For years, data management people believed that there was only one real, persistent level of data - the operational level. All other data, while accepted, was derivable from this level. This is not true as there are several levels of data within an organization. The reason stems not from information technology (IT), but from business. Classically, there are three major levels of management and decision making within an organization: operational, tactical and strategic (figure 1). While these levels feed one another, they are essentially distinct. Operational data deals with day-to- day operations. Tactical data deals with medium-term decisions. Strategic data deals with long- term decisions. Decision making changes as one goes from level to level. At the operational level, decisions are structured. This means they are based on rules. (A credit card charge may not exceed the customer's credit limit.) At the tactical level, decisions
Ethical Decision-Making
Decision Support Systems Sharon Robinson DBM 410 Decision support Systems SPICS1101 University of Phoenix- Clearwater Campus Joe Dobrinski, Jr. May 31, 2005 Workshop #5 Team Assignment Creating a Decision Support System Creating a Decision Support System (DSS) A DSS is an interactive, computer-based system, which has functions for giving a user modeling and data support, which is flexible and adaptable to varying needs in changing environments, with a supportive and easy to use interface, and which has been built to represent the necessary and sufficient problem and knowledge elements of the context it should support (MacDermant, 1998). The ultimate goal of collecting this data is to provide a foundation for business intelligence. Data is drawn from data warehouses, data marts, internal data (generated by business transactions), personal data (individual, subjective estimates, projections, opinions, judgments, etc.), external data (generated outside the organization, but relevant to the organization), economic data (competitive intelligence), and any other data needed for sound decisions. We can collect data manually, by instruments and sensors, scanning, or electronic transfer. The data is transformed into information and knowledge. Data analysis tools are then applied which will augment the decision makers' judgment with facts, analysis, and forecasts. Practical
internal and external program interfaces
Design of external and internal program interfaces The layout of the system is as follows. On the login screen there will be a space for which the user can enter their username and password. This is required in order to enter the system. When the box is clicked on by the user using the mouse, a flashing cursor will appear to show that it is really to type. This ensures that the user is aware of what is happening and makes it user friendly. The screen is uncluttered and has a login and cancel bottom to assist the user in the login of the system. This is shown to the right hand side. Once a login sequence has been completed and accepted by the system which matches it to a database that contains the correct usernames and passwords, the system then connects to the next screen where the bookings of shows can take place. From there on in, all the screens will look the same with just different instructions. This is to ensure consistency within the application as so not to confuse or distract the user. The logo will appear in the top right hand corner and the management button just below it. This will allow only the manager to view information that is suitable for him e.g. sales figures. This will not be allowed to be viewed by staff members by using a hierarchy system of usernames and passwords at the login stage. The first page shows a drop down menu by which the user can select
Lifecycle Management Of Information Technology Project In Construction
Running Head: LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT Lifecycle Management Of Information Technology Project In Construction [Name of the writer] [Name of the institution] Ab?tract Change? brought about from progre??e? in information and communication technology for architecture, engineering, and con?truction indu?trie? (con?truction ICT) are not purely mechanical, but mu?t be accompanied by change? to management proce??e?. El?ewhere, we have di?cu??ed the framework for project information management in con?truction. Thi? paper addre??e? change? to perform of project management a? the whole. Generally, it ?ugge?t? the unified approach to project management that involve? defining the put of widely-applicable wide?pread view? of project information, overtly defining inter-relation?hip? between information in the?e diver?e view?, and modifying project management tool? and procedure? to exertion with the?e integrated view?. Table of Content Ab?tract ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Background of re?earch 1 Problem ?tatement 1 Rationale 1 Aim? 12 Objective? 12 ?ignificance 12 Hypothe?i? 13 Theoretical Frame work 13 Limitation of ?tudy 15 Reliability 15 Validity 16 Ethical Concern 17 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 19 Modeling development lifecycle 19 Modeling lifecycle for complex product development 19 Complexity and interdependencie? in con?truction project? 110 View? and