istopes used in medical science
Isotopes Used In Medical Treatments Isotopes are several different forms of an element that have different mass numbers. But they are having same proton numbers but different neutron numbers. The term Isotope has suggested by Fredrick Soddy, a chemist at Glasgow University in 1921. These form of elements have different advantages and disadvantages. Mostly it depends on the type of element. Nuclear medicine was developed in the 1950s they are really helpful in modern medical field. Because it can cure so many dangerous diseases like cancers and tumours. Basically radioisotopes are the useful type that is been used up for medical treatments. There are thousands of different forms of radioisotopes that can be classed as very useful medically approved elements. Radioisotopes seemed to be dangerous and cautious from the outside look. But they can be handle carefully and store in safe places for treatments. Many of them are made in nuclear reactors and in cyclotrons. Today most of the medical isotopes are imported from United States but the growing demand rate is really high. So there aren't enough supplies to whole globe. Radioisotopes used for medical treatments are really expensive but 98% of are successful and effective. Modern medical industry has able to get rid of the fast growing number of cancer patient per year from these treatments. The doctors who deal with nuclear
Scleroderma and Society
IB Biology Essay Scleroderma and Society Mimi You 42883 December 16, 2004 Gabbott You wake up in the morning and your body feels heavy and fatigued as if you've just run a marathon, and your joints feel like their burning, but all you've done is sit up on the bed. You find it hard to breathe and there is a painful, swollen sensation in your feet and hands that makes you feel as if they were about to burst and when you touch your face it feels stiff and unnatural. When you stand up off the bed and try to make it to the bathroom, within seconds you need to sit down again, the only way you can get around is by wheelchair. Today's a school day so you have to be efficient, put on your shoes which are a size too big because your feet get too swollen, brush your hair into a ponytail to try and hide thinnest areas, and get to class and listen as carefully as you can because your hands are so stiff and swollen you can't manage writing notes (Senécal, 1990), (Seibold, 1999), (Blau and Dodi, 1984). This is what a day in Ashley Looper's life is like, a teenage girl who was diagnosed with several forms of autoimmune disorders, including mixed connective tissue disease, lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and scleroderma. Autoimmune responses occur when the body is not able to recognize it's own cells, which prompts the body to reject it's cells by producing antibodies for the
Wounds, Autopsies and Mysteries
Wounds, Autopsies and Mysteries In all forms of gun related death the crucial evidence comes from ballistics. The amount of shots fired and the number of gunmen, the path of the bullets and which of the wounds was the fatal shot. There was plenty of evidence available with the JFK shooting to help equate the answers to these questions but it was poorly handled. This means that to this day the truth can, probably, never be known. During the motorcade, Governor Connally heard the first shot, then was hit about two seconds later. The Parkland doctors confirmed the bullet that hit Connally still in his left thigh. The president was first hit at the back of his neck, and then the second bullet hit his head from the back. The Parkland Doctor Perry said the shot was at the lower portion of the neck and was an entry wound. The president's body, at Parkland Hospital wrapped in a sheet and placed in a bronze casket, one of the most expensive that Parkland Hospital had. Then, when the body reached Washington for the Autopsy, it was in a grey casket, not very good quality and the presidents body was wrapped differently. The body was in a grey body bag and the brain of the president was missing. The president's body was "hijacked" on the way to Washington. If the brain was still in the president's body, some trace of metal could be found, and the make of bullet could be deciphered
Which drugs, if any, should be legalized?
Done By: Xin Liu (Jenny) Course: HEFP Law English Tutor: Julia Strutt Submission Date: Tuesday 27 April Total Words: 2243 Words . Which drugs, if any, should be legalized? In modern society, nowadays, there is a large debate on whether the drugs should be legalized. Under this topic, each of us has a different value, so we may not come up with the same position, but people probably just consider the word 'legalize' and ignore the source of this debate. What are drugs? Why is it illicit to use drugs? First of all, what do drugs exactly mean to people? This is fundamental to understand their potential abuse. A psychoactive substance is something that people take to change the way they feel, think or behave. Some of these substances are called drugs, and others, like alcohol and tobacco, are considered dangerous but are not called drugs. Following the significant improvement of technology, today there are in total, more than 200 different kinds of drugs1 in the world. These can be divided into two groups based on their origin - natural and synthetic drugs. In the past, most drugs were made from plants, such as the coca bush for cocaine, opium poppies for heroin and cannabis for marijuana. Now drugs such as ecstasy or phencyclidine are produced by synthesizing various chemicals. Drugs of abuse fall into three categories according to their effect on user's central nervous
How does Smoking cause Bronchitis and Emphysema?
How does Smoking cause Bronchitis and Emphysema? Smoking causes many harmful chemical substances entering the lungs. These substances include: ? Tar ? Nicotine ? Carbon Monoxide As these substances enter the lungs most of them settle in and begin to do they're jobs in the body (mainly destroying). However some of these substances are trapped in sticky mucus and coughed out or sneezed out. Even so, any part of the upper respiratory tract and lungs can become infected by disease causing micro-organisms. Infection of the bronchus and bronchioles is called bronchitis. It is the inflammation of the bronchi and is characterised by coughing up phlegm and also the narrowing of the bronchi causing breathlessness. When these bronchi and bronchioles get infected, they swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms. This makes it hard for you to breathe. You may cough up mucus and you may wheeze (make a whistling sound when you breathe). Acute bronchitis is almost always caused by viruses that attack the lining of the bronchial tree and cause infection. As your body fights back against these viruses, more swelling occurs and more mucus is made. It takes time for your body to kill the viruses and heal the damage to your bronchial tubes. In most cases, the same viruses that cause colds cause acute bronchitis. Research has shown that bacterial infection is much less common in bronchitis than we
Serum Leptin Levels and Adiposity in Chinese.
Serum Leptin Levels and Adiposity in Chinese* *This work was financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation of the United States and Natural Science Fund of Shanghai Secondary Medical University 98-11-25 SUMMARY Objective: To establish normal serum leptin levels in Chinese and to investigate the relationships between serum leptin levels and body fat, gender, age and androgen. Methods: Serum leptin levels were measured in 77 lean (BMI<25) and 28 overweight or obese(BMI?25) subjects by a RIA method. Results: The serum leptin levels in lean Chinese were 2.15?1.46ng/ml in male and 7.85?3.60ng/ml in female, which are similar to those of Caucasians, while in overweight or obese ones, the levels were 4.87?3.47ng/ml and 16.59?6.92ng/ml respectively, lower than those in Caucasians. A 2-3 times higher leptin concentrations were found in women than in men in both conditions. Even when the number of lean males were expanded to 79 subjects aged from 17-80, no significant leptin-age relationship was found. Despite 25% of obese subjects manifested a relative deficiency of leptin, as a whole, leptin levels in both men and women were significantly correlated with BMI (r=0.69, P<0.001 in male and r=0.63, P<0.001 in female). Conclusion: Serum leptin levels in Chinese lean people are similar to those in Caucasians and in both lean and obese groups, the leptin levels are correlated with
Pathogens and Diseases.
Pathogens and Diseases (IB Biology) I. The Nature of Disease . Definitions a. Disease is a medical condition in humans: a condition that results in medically significant symptoms in a human. Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body called symptoms and signs. b. Non-Infectious Disease are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body, but does not communicated(spread) from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. c. Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body and can spread from one person to another. d. Pathogens are the microorganisms which enters the body causes disease (eg. bacteria or virus). 2. Types of Pathogens Types Example of Pathogen Disease Caused Virus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS Bacteria Myobacterium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Fungi Trichophyton Athlete's Foot Single-celled (protozoa) Plasmodium Malaria Flatworms Fluke Shistomiasis Roundworms Hookworm Hookworm (may cause anemia) 3. Six ways in which pathogens are transmitted and gain entry into the body: > Contact-when an infected person touches an uninfected person, the pathogen can enter through the skin. > Cuts-Pathogen enters the body where the skin is cut by contaminated object. > Droplets-when an infected person coughs or sneezes, their droplet contains pathogens
Clinical care case study. Mrs. Burton was left with a mixture of emotion mostly feeling of dissatisfaction after her appointment, especially as she had been so nervous and apprehensive about seeing the doctor in the first place. Mrs. Burton had suspected
Name: Nazrean Sajawal GT Group: 12 Guidance Tutor: Fiona Watson Foundation Studies Intake: March 2010 Cohort Module Marker: Submission Date: 4th January 2011 Module Title: This assignment will be identifying a service user from my clinical placement as well as discussing an episode of care that was received from a service user's perspective. This occurred during one of the days that the student nurse worked at the clinical placement. The term for person centre care is mentioned frequently in the older people literature, particularly in dementia care. Brooker (2004, p.219) proposes that 'in person-centred care the relationships between all the people in the care environment should be nurtured'. Similarly, McCormack (2004) proposes that relationships, environmental conditions and individual values epitomise person-centred gerontological nursing. The name of patient and the clinical placement will not be named as it preaches one of the codes of conduct from the Nursing and Midwifery Council, which is confidentiality (NMC, 2008). Throughout the assignment the service user will be called Mrs. Burton. The nurse patient relationship appears to be good between the student nurse and Mrs. Burton. Therefore, it was consider relevant to interview Mrs. Burton who had a positive and negative experience on care that they had received. There will also be relevant literature to
Alternative Medicine, also called unconventional medicine, therapeutic practices, techniques, and beliefs that are outside the realm of mainstream Western health care
Alternative Medicine, also called unconventional medicine, therapeutic practices, techniques, and beliefs that are outside the realm of mainstream Western health care. Alternative medicine emphasizes therapies that improve quality of life, prevent disease, and address conditions that conventional medicine has limited success in curing, such as chronic back pain and certain cancers. Proponents of alternative medicine believe that these approaches to healing are safer and more natural and have been shown through experience to work. In certain countries, alternative medical practices are the most widely used methods of health care. However, many practitioners of modern conventional medicine believe these practices are unorthodox and unproven.1 Acupuncture, a Chinese traditional medicine dating from 200-100 BC, involves stimulating specific points in the body for therapeutic purposes. Puncturing the skin with a needle is the usual method of application, but acupuncturists may also use heat, pressure, friction, suction, or impulses of electromagnetic energy to stimulate acupuncture points. Stimulated acupuncture points alter the chemical neurotransmitters released and the therapeutic effects result from the associated changes in the chemical balance of the body. Acupuncture is used for many ailments, including chronic pain, drug addiction, arthritis, chemotherapy-induced nausea,
Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain, and is triggered by drug use, stress, and one's environment, thus making it difficult to diagnose.
ABSTRACT Though the dysfunction of central dopamine system has been proposed, the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. Many studies in humans documented that appropriate stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is critical for working memory processing, attention span, perseverance, planning, judgment, impulse control, organization, self-monitoring and supervision. It also is responsible for problem solving, critical thinking, forward thinking, learning from experiences and mistakes, ability to feel and express emotions, influences the limbic system, empathy and internal supervision . The dopamine hypothesis that occurs in patients with schizophrenia is a core feature of this illness. Imagine for the moment that your daughter just left for college and you hear voices inside your head shouting, "You'll never see her again, you have been a bad mother, she'll die." Or, what if you saw dinosaurs on the street and live animals in your refrigerator? These are actually experiences that have plagued Mrs. X for almost three decades. Mrs. X suffers the disorder known as schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain, and is triggered by drug use, stress, and one's environment, thus making it difficult to