The influence of mind over body
The influence of mind over body Everyone has emotions and different life events influence one's emotions differently. The stimuli in our daily life may make one happy sometimes, but one may feel stressed in other situations. Stress occurs when one is facing demanding events or stimuli. This essay will discuss the influence of one's emotions on one's body by looking at how one reacts to stress, illnesses which relate to stress and the relationship between emotions and cancer. People react to stressors in three stages, which were called the general adaptation syndrome. The first stage is alarm reaction. In this stage, the organism becomes highly alert and aroused. The second stage is resistance, which means one tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape. If these efforts are not successful and the stressful situation continues, the last stage is exhaustion or collapse. This is how stress influences one's reactions. Stress can also lead to some illnesses. It is more likely for people to have heart disease if their bodily reactions are being speeded up continually and produce stress-related hormones. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system and, as a result, increase susceptibility to different kinds of illness. Also, stress may increase secretion of hydrochloric acid which can lead to stomach ulcers. That is why people who work in psychologically
Metabolic Homeostasis.
CONTENTS . INTRODUCTION: PAGE 3 2. OVERVIEW OF METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS: PAGE 4 * GLYCOLYSIS * GLYCONEOGENESIS 3. METABOLIC FUELS AND THE BODY'S ORGANS: PAGE 6 * METABOLIC FUELS * PRINCIPAL ORGANS INVOLVED IN REGULATION * METABOLISM AND THE G.I. TRACT * METABOLISM AND THE HEART * METABOLISM AND THE KIDNEYS * METABOLISM, BLOOD AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS 4. REGULATION HORMONES: PAGE 13 * HORMONAL RATE OF EFFECT * HORMONAL EFFECTS ON MUSCLE * HORMONAL EFFECTS ON LIVER * REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION * CELLULAR INSULIN ACTION * REGULATION OF GLUCAGON SECRETION * REGULATION OF FUEL METABOLISM IN EXERCISE 5. APPETITE, HUNGER AND FOOD INTAKE: PAGE 16 * INFLUENCES DICTATING HUNGER * INFLUENCES DICTATING APPETITE * FOOD INTAKE AND ENERGY BALANCE 6. GLUCOSE AND CARBOHYDRATE HOMEOSTASIS: PAGE 19 * DISPOSITION OF HIGH GLUCOSE INTAKE * GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN "FED" STATE * REGULATION OF GLYCOGENOLYSIS 7. CONCLUSIONS: PAGE 22 8. REFERENCES: PAGE 23 THIS ASSIGNMENT IS MY OWN WORK. IT HAS NOT BEEN, AND WILL NOT BE, PRESENTED FOR ASSESSMENT FOR ANY OTHER MODULE OR PIECE OF WORK WHICH ACCRUES CREDIT FOR THE AWARD FOR WHICH I AM CURRENTLY STUDYING OR FOR ANY OTHER AWARD. SIGNED: _____________________________________ . INTRODUCTION: The normal function of cells, tissues, and organisms requires energy. This energy is obtained by the oxidation
Outline And Evaluate The General Adaptation Syndrome
Outline And Evaluate The General Adaptation Syndrome (18 mark) The General adaptation syndrome describes the body's non specific short-term and long-term reaction to stress. It was originally described by Hans Selye. In 1936 and 1950 he conducted much research into stress. He published his first article on the effects of stress, reporting an experiment with rats. When he exposed the rats to acute nocuous agents, a typical syndrome appeared. The same symptoms appeared in response to all of the stimuli, so that they had to be due to the more general state of what is called 'stress'. Seyle argues that stress can be adaptive in the short term, because it enables us to cope with environmental demands (fight or flight). However the body's reaction to long term or prolonged stress can be very damaging. Seyle noticed that rats and hospital patients seemed to show a similar pattern of bodily response. This was known as the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) because it represented the body's attempt to cope in an adaptive way with stress. The GAS consists of 3 stages, alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion). After the initial alarm reaction the individual adapts and returns to normal functioning. It is only after prolonged stress that exhaustion occurs. The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. it involves
How does dietary status affect carcinogenesis?
How does dietary status affect carcinogenesis? Cancer is a multi-factoral disease resulting from the perturbation of the normal regulatory processes of a cell. Cancer cells are generated from healthy cells by an accumulation of genetic alterations [1]. These alterations can take the form of mutations, losses, amplifications or re-arrangements in so called "oncogenes" or "tumour suppresser genes" [1]. The many potential mutations giving rise to cancer are initiated by carcinogenic substances and by certain environmental conditions [1]. Carcinogenic substances can be loosely classified as "endogenous", which may be naturally occurring, iatrogenic, environmental contaminants or life style-related or endogenous, for example reactive oxygen species which can be produced in vivo. The human diet consists of an array of microbial, animal and plant derived material and a link between diet and health has been recognised for many centuries [2]. The specific relationship between diet and cancer however is ill defined and uncertain and the evidence is contradictory. Dietary constituents are believed to play both a protective and causative role in the aetiology of the disease and the link between dietary factors and carcinogenesis has been relentlessly investigated by way of animal experiments. Numerous, albeit rather general epidemiological studies have also supported the notion that
Wonders of Saliva.
Mahmood El-Gasim Extended Essay Preliminary Research Saliva University Technologies International Inc. Media Release * Why do people suck a sore finger and dogs lick their wounds? Not only does this make the "owie" feel better, but also factors in saliva cleanse wounds, kill bacteria and promote the repair of the injured tissues. Although it is easy to understand how saliva is essential for healthy teeth and gums (just ask your dentist,) saliva's healing properties extend well beyond the mouth. They help reduce the severity of stomach ulcers, sustain liver function and, surprisingly, contribute to the maintenance of a healthy reproductive tract. Moreover, some factors in saliva regulate immune system function, and it is these substances that Salpep is developing into anti-inflammatory agents. Wonders of Saliva * Why do animals lick their wounds? It is a long-time fascination with that question and others like it, which revolve around the diverse qualities and characteristics of saliva, that continues to drive research activities. Bible * Jesus proceeded to miraculously cure the blind man by making clay to apply to his eyes-"he spit on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man's eyes" Beyond 2000: Tongue Bath * Scientists have found that a multi-purpose protein, found in several body fluids, including saliva. It can promote the healing of
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular Dystrophy Essay Discuss: (a) the way in which a mutation in the gene encoding the protein dystrophin leads to defects in the muscle cell membrane of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; and, (b) the practical issues involved in potential treatments and cures. The dystrophin protein is a large rod shaped protein with a molecular weight of 427 kDa. The gene itself is 2.4 million bp long making it one of the largest in the human genome, the mRNA transcribed from it is reduced to 14 000 bp due to the many exons it is encoded by. The gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome at position Xp21.2 bestowing upon it sex linked heredity. Muscular dystrophies in general are rarely manifested in females and this is the case with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). In two thirds of all cases a mutated form of the dystrophin gene is passed on to sons from the mother, however, in the remaining third the deficiency is due to a novel mutation. The high mutatation rate (possibly 1 in 10 000) is thought to be a product of the genes extraordinary length and this can cause problems with genetic counselling. Dystrophin is made up of (3700 amino acids (aa's) and has four structural domains: * N-terminal: associates with F-actin in the sub-sarcolemmal cytoskeleton * Rod domain: 25 repeats of 109 aa's in a triple helix * Cysteine rich domain: binds to sarcolemmal
Hazards and safety - The effect of radiation on living matter can be quite devastating (see radiation injury). Therefore, radiation safety and monitoring is particularly important.
HAZARDS AND SAFETY The effect of radiation on living matter can be quite devastating (see radiation injury). Therefore, radiation safety and monitoring is particularly important. Radiation safety problems fall into three categories: personnel protection, contamination control, and waste disposal (see nuclear energy). Energy dissipation must be quantified to determine exposure levels. Biological effects of radiation are determined by the amount of energy absorbed. Therefore the time of exposure and rate of exposure must be defined. The roentgen (R) was defined as the quantity of gamma or X radiation required to produce one electrostatic unit of electricity of either sign per cubic centimeter of dry air. However, the roentgen is valid only for photon interaction with air and does not relate to tissue absorption or particulate radiation. Normally, exposure is expressed in roentgens/hour or milliroentgens/hour. A unit based on the energy dissipation of radiation in biological tissue was devised in 1953 and called the rad. It was defined as 100 ergs of energy imparted by any ionizing radiation that is dissipated in one gram of irradiated material. The rad is the unit of choice when tissue irradiation is concerned. Monitoring of radiation is essential to determining exposure. Area monitoring is usually accomplished with portable monitors such as Geiger-MŸller survey meters or
Prepare, apply and attach dressings, wound supports and drains to patients.
ELEMENT 6.5; Prepare, apply and attach dressings, wound supports and drains to patients. . Describe the principles of wound healing and any complications that may arise. Wound healing comes in two processes which are; Primary (healing by first intention) Secondary (healing by second intention) In both these processes there are 3 stages; - inflammation - Proliferation - Maturation Primary healing follows minimal destruction of tissue, where the wound edges are close together. Inflammation -Blood clot and cell debris fill the gap in the first few hours. Phagocytes and Fibroblasts migrate into the blood clot. - Phagocytes start to remove the clots and cell debris, which stimulates fibroblast activity. - Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibres, binding the surface together. Proliferation - Epithelial cells proliferate across the wound through the clot. The Epidermis joins and grows upwards till full thickness is restored. The clot above the new tissue turns to scab, which seperates after 3-10 days. New capillary buds, Phagocytes and Fibroblasts (Granulation tissue) develops, invading the clot and returning the blood supply to the wound. As the Phagocytes remove the clot and any bacteria, the Fibroblasts carry on secreting collagen fibres. Maturation - The fibrous scar tissue replaces the Granulation tissue. The Collagen fibres re-arrange, so the
Explain the functions of N-glycans of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH.
Glycobiology tutorial II: oligosaccharide function Essay 1: Explain the functions of N-glycans of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH. Lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH) are glycoprotein hormones synthesized in the anterior pituitary. These gonadotropins regulate reproductive functions through their stimulation of steroidogenesis, in ovarian granulosa and theca cells in the case of LH and in the ovarian follicular cells in the case of FSH. The hormones are heterodimers composed of two non-covalently joined ? and ß subunits, both of which are glycosylated with N-linked oligosaccharides. These glycans play a significant role, as we shall see in this essay, seeing as they are involved in intracellular events and in the biological activity of these glycoprotein hormones. LH and FSH differ in their ß subunit but have a common ? subunit, a 92 amino acid long polypeptide with two N-linked oligosaccharides attached to Asn 52 and Asn 78. The ß components are hormone-specific and differ in their glycosylation state. The human LHß is glycosilated at Asn 30. FSHß, on the other hand, contains two N-linked sugars one at Asn 7 the other at Asn 34. Furthermore, the majority of LH N-linked oligosaccharides are sulfated, while human FSH contains less sulfate and its oligosaccharides are sialylated. Moreover, the latter are usually diantennary and tri-tri' and tetrantennary structures.
To examine the evidence for a link between stress and ill health
This essay is going to examine the evidence for a link between stress and ill health. It will include sections on what stress is, how it is caused and its effects on the body and the mind. This essay is going to look at and evaluate different psychologist's views on stress and the effects it has on the body and mind. There are three main ways at looking at stress. Firstly, as an external stimulus which places a strain on the individual, for example, taking an exam, moving house, divorce or a new job. Secondly, as an internal state of psychological and physiological change in response to a stressor. In this sense stress is something happening inside the person rather than an outside force acting on the person. It is the psychological and physiological changes produced by a stressor. These changes are known as the stress response. Psychological aspects of the stress response may include a state of tension involving emotions such as fear, anxiety and anger. Examples of physiological aspects of the stress response include an increase in heart rate and the release of sugar into the bloodstream. Thirdly, stress can be seen as a transaction between an individual and their environment. This transaction results in a stress response if the individual believes they cannot cope with the demands they see placed upon them, for example, one person may see a divorce as a calamity,