Critically evaluate the evolution of the meaning of 'disease of the mind'.
Insanity Essay - Written Work, Spring Term Critically evaluate the evolution of the meaning of 'disease of the mind': The purpose of this essay is to examine a number of insanity cases paying particular attention to how the meaning of 'disease of the mind' has developed and come to the meaning that it currently adopts today. Disease of the mind in this context is a legal term not to be confused with that used by the medical profession in relation to what constitutes a 'mental disorder'. The law's main interest is concerned with the question whether the accused is to be held legally responsible for his acts. A person cannot be legally blameworthy for an offence if his mental state was not fitting with the alleged crime. The criteria as to a person's sanity are laid down in the M'Naghten Rules (1943): (1) Every man is presumed to be sane and possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes until the contrary is proven. (2) To establish the defence of insanity, it must be proven that, at the time of committing the act, the defendant was labouring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, that he did not know the quality of the act. Alternatively, if he did know the nature and quality of the act, that he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. Problems arise between the different terminology employed by psychiatrists
Smoking, and Alcohol Addiction.
ENGLISH ESSAY: DISCURSIVE WRITING Written by: Zinzi de Brouwer SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION A lot of people suffer from the consequences of smoking and drinking alcohol, which often leads to addiction. The word 'addiction' is a very powerful word in this sense, as it means the physical and psychological craving for a substance that develops into a dependency, and continues even though it is causing the addicted person physical, psychological and social harm. The disease of addiction is chronic and progressive; it can lead to extremely dangerous outcomes. This applies to both smoking, and alcohol addiction. Smoking is not just a bad habit, but also a complex addiction. Experts believe that nicotine exerts its powerful addictive effects by altering two chemicals in the brain - dopamine and nor adrenaline - known as neurotransmitters. Within seven seconds of inhaling, a concentrated dose of nicotine is delivered directly to the brain, producing a nicotine "rush". Many smokers interpret this rush as one of pleasure, but in reality the pleasure is misunderstood. It only appears pleasurable, because it satisfies the craving created by the last cigarette. Over time, the smoker has become victim to the classic cycle of addiction. The addiction of smoking leads to serious - at times even life-threatening - dangers to someone's physical health. In the USA, Canada and in most
Addiction - show how drugs alter the way the brain works, and the way it perceives situation.
Addiction In order to fully understand this question it is important to define exactly what is meant by the key terms used; the Oxford English Popular English Dictionary (Parragon, Oxford 1995) defines 'abuse´ as; 'To make bad or wrong use of; to maltreat´, and it defines 'addiction´ as the condition of doing or using something as a habit or compulsively (esp. of drug taking, with adverse effects on ceasing) devotion to an interest. During this essay I hope to show how drugs alter the way the brain works, and the way it perceives situation. I hope to show the consequences of drug use and abuse and also to show what research is being undertaken in an attempt to alleviate these problems. Recently we have seen a huge increase in the use of legal and illegal drugs in our society as some have been used for legitimate purposes, others have also been seriously misused- this misuse can be defined as drug abuse and addiction this addiction encores both psychological and physiological addition, and drug abuse often leads to this addiction. As an example of a drug which can be abused I shall look at Cocaine. Cocaine is a white powder refined from the coca plant, which grows in South America, it is a short acting stimulant which quickly reaches the brain and it produces effects such as talkativeness, excess confidence increased appetite and euphoria. As these
Compare and contrast different neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on behaviour
Compare and contrast different neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on behaviour The brain is an incredible organ, and the most complex computer in existence. It contains billions of brain cells, or neurons, with multiple connections to one another. Information is sent between neurons via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which cross the small synapse, the miniscule gap between two neurons. All of the body's functions, from the most simple to the most complex, depend on the transmission of these chemical messengers between the cells of the brain. Therefore, the health of neurons in the brain and the way they transmit their array of neurotransmitters crucially affects behaviour. Damage to neurons, both to the neuron itself and to the quantities of neurotransmitters released into the synapse, has been linked with a number of disorders. Many of these are characterised by a variety of abnormal behaviours. This essay will examine the neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities of two well-known disorders, Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia, and compare the abnormal behaviours sufferers of these diseases exhibit. Alzheimer's disease belongs to the class of senile dementia disorders, and accounts for fifty per cent of all cases (Wilson 2003). It was first officially recognized in a fifty-one year old lady by Alois Alzheimer in 1906, by the identification of
Minimising the risk of disorder and disease spread in the newborn.
Minimising the risk of disorder and disease spread in the newborn. Body condition of the dam prior to and at parturition. During pregnancy, the growth cycle of the hair will be altered so that the whole coat will be in a growth phase throughout. As a consequence, the dam will usually lose a large amount of hair after parturition. It is important while the bitch is pregnant and lactating to keep the coat free lice, ticks, and fleas. However you must be extremely cautious of applying insecticidal sprays or baths, as the dam may ingest it while licking or it may be absorbed through the skin. This would cause a problem as the poisonous composition of the application could harm the puppies in the uterus or while feeding. Therefore to keep the coat in prime condition the dam should be brushed or combed daily. Just before parturition any excess hair should be cut away from the vulva and nipples. The dam should be kept at a suitable weight during pregnancy and after parturition. She should be observed for any signs of weight loss or gain. It is also important to observe the general health of the dam, by conducting regular health checks. * The eyes should be free of discharge; * Ears clear of blockages and wax; * The coat and skin free from bald spots abrasions or lumps; * The paws free of inflammation and infection; * Check teeth for signs of decay or gum
Alheimer's disease a Research paper.
ALHEIMER'S DISEASE A Research paper Presented to The Faculty of the High School Department St. James College of Quezon City By Ramil Ramirez February 2004 St. James College of Quezon City APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Elective English III (Research Techniques), this research paper entitled ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, has been prepared by RAMIL RAMIREZ, who is hereby recommended for oral examination. _______________________ ______________ Date Adviser Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Elective English III (Research Techniques) by the Committee of oral Examiners. _____________________ Chairman _____________________ Member _____________________ Member _____________________ Member __________________ Date Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Elective English III (Research Techniques). __________________ ____________________ Date Principal
Heart Disease
Cardiovascular Disease To lead a healthy lifestyle, the heart must be working in correct order as it is one of the most important organs in the human body. Even a minor fault in the heart or one of the blood vessels can lead to an illness. Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the heart and circulation and this form of disease is one of the major health problems that people face today. Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death in the UK , and cause over 250000 deaths a year. Around a third of these deaths are premature, and cardiovascular disease is the eventual killer of one in every three people in the UK , one in four of these are male and one in five are female. The different forms of cardiovascular disease include coronary heart disease and stroke. Majority of cardiovascular diseases are related to a disease caused Atherosclerosis, which eventually leads to more fatal diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke. In atherosclerosis , fatty deposits form which block an artery completely or partly block it which causes a clot. This can cause permanent damage and if this happens in an artery which is supplying the heart, then a heart attack can be caused . This form of attack, myocardial infarction , can be fatal and is widespread. In 2003, there were over 7 million Americans who suffered from this sort of heart attack. If Atherosclerosis occurs in
stephen hawking
January 19, 2005 Assignment 3 "One need not lose hope" said by Stephen Hawking. A person who faced many challenges and obstacles and overcame in a way is Professor Stephen Hawking. Stephen Hawking tried to live a normal life as possible, and tried not think about his condition, or regret the things it prevents him from doing. Stephen Hawking had motor neuron disease. He was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. Stephen went to college at age 17. In his third year at Oxford, he became clumsy than usual, and he fell over once or twice for no apparent reason. But it was not until the following year that his father noticed, and took him to a specialist and shortly after his 21st birthday, he went to hospital for tests. He was tested for two weeks. They took a muscle sample from his arm, stuck electrodes into him, and injected some radio opaque fluid into his spine, and watched it going up and down with x-rays, as they tilted the bed. They found that he had not multiple sclerosis. They expected it to continue to get worse, and that there was nothing they could do, except give him vitamins. He knew he had an incurable disease, which was likely to kill him in a few years. Not knowing what was going to happen to him, or how rapidly the disease would progress, he was at a dead end. The doctors told him to go back to Cambridge and carry on with the research about general
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Alzheimer's disease is relentlessly destroying the brains and lives of our nation's older adults, robbing them of memory, the ability to reason, and affecting their emotions and behavior. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disorder of the brain. The longer we live the greater the risk: one out of every two Americans aged 85 and older and one out of every 10 aged 65 and older are afflicted with the disease. It affects two groups of people: those with the disease and the loved ones who care for them. By the year 2050, an estimated 14 million Americans will be in its grip. (Medina xi, 2) Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease of the brain, which is characterized by a gradual loss of memory and other mental functions. Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia -- a general term referring to loss of memory and the ability to think, reason, function, and behave appropriately. (Medina 4) The word dementia is derived from two Latin words, which mean away and mind, respectively. (Goldmann 2) It's different from the mild forgetfulness normally observed in older people. Over the course of the disease, people with AD no longer recognize themselves or much about the world around them. (Medina 4) Alzheimer's is marked by abnormal clumps, called senile plaques, and irregular knots, called neurofibrillary tangles, of brain cells. The plaque is an
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), or Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming more common in developed nations as the population includes more and more older persons. There is no known cause for the disease. It is not known why some people present as early as 30 or 40 years of age with dementia while others do not present until their late 70's or 80's. Familial cases with a defined inheritance pattern account for only 5 to 10% of Alzheimer's disease. Familial cases tend to have an earlier age at onset. Genetic defects in familial cases have been identified on chromosomes 21, 19, 14, 12 and 1. The so-called "early onset" cases of AD in persons in their 30's, 40's, and 50's may have a genetic basis. Less than 1% of early onset AD cases are linked to a genetic defect on chromosome 21 (which may explain the appearance of Alzheimer's disease in persons with Down syndrome surviving to middle age) which affects amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in fibrillar aggregates of beta-amyloid that is toxic to neurons. About half of early onset AD cases are linked to mutations in the presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14. A presenilin 2 gene has been discovered on chromosome 1, but this defect accounts for less than 1% of cases. The more typical "late onset" cases of AD occurring after age 60 may have underlying genetic defects. A genetic locus on