The Plague Maths Project
The Plague Maths Project I have been asked to investigate and find a formula, which shows patterns of disease. This disease is spreading every day inside this room. The person who is carrying the disease has a contagious disease which means it will spread throughout this room. There are three cases of this disease, which I have been asked to investigate. The disease can be passed only in straight lines (up, down. left, right). The disease spreads one square away from the already infected one. These diagrams below show how the disease is spreading. The 1st case The first case I have been asked to see is where one person is standing in the centre of the room. This person is infected. On day one this person is the only one infected but as the days go on it will spread in all directions. The 2nd case The second case I am investigating is when another person is standing up against one of the walls in the room. This means that the disease will spread differently then the 1st case. It also means that the disease can spread in three directions to start with. The 3rd case The 3rd case is where the contagious person is in the corner and the disease spreads out into the room. This time the disease can only spread in two ways to start with. Diagrams and Results: I have recorded the spreading plague for 6 days. Then I will make a prediction for day 7. These diagrams show the
Critically Evaluate the Evidence Concerning Psychological Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Critically Evaluate the Evidence Concerning Psychological Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease Coronary heart disease refers to illnesses that result from the narrowing and blocking of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are responsible with supplying the heart with oxygen-rich blood and other nutrients. There are two types of coronary heart disease. Angina Pectoris refers to the condition when a blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart is brief or incomplete, resulting in a painful cramp. Little or no damage occurs if the blockage ends quickly, but if not myocardial infarction occurs. Commonly termed as a heart attack, myocardial infarction occurs when a portion of muscle is destroyed. Like other illnesses, some people are more prone to coronary heart disease than others. These differences between people can result from biomedical sources, such as variations in physiological processes and exposure to harmful microorganisms. Such factors are called the traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease. High blood pressure increases incidence, as do genetic factors where there is a strong hereditary basis. Age is a factor, and risk increases dramatically after thirty in men and after the menopause for women. Men are more prone than women and previous explanations such as the differing lifestyle (men supposedly drink and smoke more) have been superseded by
Smear essay
Introduction. This report will discuss an incident of accountability that the student has encountered during her nurse education. The issue of accountability will be reflected upon using the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle (See Appendix 1) and discussed and the benefits of using reflective practice identified. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct 2004, nurses must protect the confidentiality of the patient therefore no-one will be named. . Accountability and responsibility. Nurses hold a position of responsibility in which they are relied upon by others and have a range of accountability to the NMC (professional), contractual (employer) and to the law (legal) for their actions (Benbow 2008). Professional accountability - being responsible for your actions and for the outcomes of these actions - is part of the framework of clinical governance, which aims to provide good quality, cost-effective, evidence-based care (Tilley & Watson 2004). 2. Clinical governance. Clinical Governance can be defined as a framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment to ensure that patients receive the best quality of care available (Scally & Donaldson 1998). 3. Description. 3.1 What happened? Whilst on a
How do people inherit Huntington disease?
Huntington Disease How do people inherit Huntington disease? Since the Huntington gene is not on a sex-determining chromosome, the disease is not sex-linked. In other words, the inheritance and development of Huntington's Disease are not related to an individual's sex. This means that males and females have an equal chance of inheriting the disease. Males and females with the disease are also equally likely to pass it on to their children. The disease is caused by a dominant gene, which causes certain brain cells to deteriorate. Huntington disease can affect people of all ethnic groups but is more common among those of European descent. Huntington is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern which means only one copy of the altered gene is necessary to cause the disorder. Each Child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease and is said to be at risk. In most cases an affected person has one affected parent. In only about 3-5% of cases, there is not an affected parent. As the altered Huntington disease gene is passed down from one generation to the next, the sizes of the CAG repeat expansion can increase. A large number if repeats is associated with an earlier age at onset of the disease. The phenomenon is called anticipation. People with the abnormal gene will always develop the disease, unless they die of other causes prior to developing the signs
Alcohol and Alcoholism
Alcohol and Alcoholism Alcohol in any of its organic compounds characterized by one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a carbon atom that, in turn is attached to three other atoms. Alcohols are neither acid nor alkaline. They are quite reactive, and all of them dissolve in organic substance. Alcohols combine with inorganic compounds to form crystalline products similar to common hydrate salts and water molecules. Alcohols generally react with carboxylic acids to produce ester. Alcohols are among the more abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Some such as ethanol and methanol, are utilized in great quantities. Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, or grain alcohol, can be manufactured by the fermentation from the carbohydrates found in fruits, molasses grain, and other agricultural products. It can also be made from ethane, which is derived from Natural gas. Ethanol is used in toiletries and pharmaceuticals and to sterilize hospital instruments. It can be used as fuel.1 Alcoholic beverages are fermented liquor such as wine, beer, or distilled liquor that contains ethyl alcohol, or ethanol as an intoxicating agent. Alcohol beverages are fermented from the sugars in fruits, berries, grains, and such other ingredients as plants saps, tubers, honey, and milk maybe distilled to reduce the original watery liquid to a liquid of much greater alcoholic
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: clinical characteristics, family psychopathology, associated feature
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: clinical characteristics, family psychopathology, associated feature Not many people have heard of Gilles Tourette's Syndrome (GTS). It is a complex and intriguing disorder that displays distinct physical characteristics and unusual mental behaviour. It was the French neurologist Gilles de la Tourette who, in 1885, was the first to conduct a systematic study of the motor and vocal tics which are a hall mark of the syndrome. Over a century later the diagnostic criteria for GTS are still being refined, but the generally accepted diagnostic criteria found in the DSM - 111 - R of the American Psychiatric Association (1987) are as follows: a) Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics which must have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. b) The tics occur many times a day ( usually in bouts), nearly every day, or intermittently, throughout a period of more than one year. c) The anatomical location, number and frequency complexity and severity of the tics change over time. d) Onset is before the age of 21 years. e) Symptoms do not occur exclusively during psychoactive substance intoxication or known central nervous system disease, such as Huntington's chorea and post-viral encephalitis. Although the disorder is still considered to be quite a rarity, it is believed to effect one person in every
Dr. Ron Crystal of the National Institutes of Health in the United States, reports on the successful administration of a modified adenovirus containing a normal version of the gene responsible for CF to the lungs of four individuals with cystic fibrosis
Dominador Lao II Gene Therapy Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, fatal genetic disease in the United States. About 30,000 people in the United States have the disease. CF causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs, leads to infection, and blocks the pancreas, which stops digestive enzymes from reaching the intestine where they are required in order to digest food. Mutations in a single gene - the Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane Regulator (CFTR) gene - causes CF. The gene was discovered in 1989. Since then, more than 900 mutations of this single gene have been identified. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Although scientists are learning more every day, right now they still do not know what causes AD, and there is no cure. Scientists believe that genetics may play a role in many AD cases. For example, early-onset familial AD, a rare form of AD that usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 60, is inherited. The more common form of AD is known as late-onset. It occurs later in life, and no obvious inheritance pattern is seen in most families. However, several risk factor genes may interact with
Outline the potential causes of recurrent hamstring problems in a veteran (over 35) runner. Briefly outline the treatment you would undertake for this runner.
Outline the potential causes of recurrent hamstring problems in a veteran (over 35) runner. Briefly outline the treatment you would undertake for this runner. Introduction Hamstring injuries have been consistently identified as the commonest injuries sustained in running and sprinting athletes (Drezner, 2003). Reoccurring hamstring injuries are frequently reported in comparison to other musclo-skeletal injuries (Woods et al., 2004), this would suggest that misdiagnosis and or poor management/rehabilitation could be a major factor upon initial presentation, thus the alarmingly high reoccurrence rate. Many studies have examined alleged predisposing factors to hamstring injury, such as insufficient warm up, poor flexibility, fatigue, muscular imbalances and poor muscular strength with conflicting results (Foreman et al., 2006). Originally, poor flexibility of the hamstrings was thought to be the major cause of injury, however studies by Bennel et al. (1999), Rolls and George (2004), report no significant relationship between hamstring length and injury. Anatomically the hamstring muscles cross two joints, which through resulting increased tensile forces are inherently more susceptible to injury. The hamstring muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve which emerges from the lumbar spine at L5-S3 and travels posteriorly down the thigh where it splits above the knee. The
aatiology of alzhiemers disease
Introduction. Two elderly gentlemen with Alzheimer's disease lived together in a nice little flat. One of the men heard the sound of an ice cream van. He turned and said to the other man, "would you like anything from the ice cream van ". The other man replied "oh I'll have and ice cream cone thanks but you better write that down cos I know what you're like you'll forget". "No, no I won't forget" said the first man and left to go to the ice cream van. Whilst he was leaving the second man shouted from the window "Hey get me a chocolate flake as well, and write it down before you forget". "I won't I won't" replied the first man. The second man then shouted again "oh yeah and some 100 and 1000's and monkeys blood now you better write that down as I know you will forget that" Yet again the first man promised he would not forget and made his way to the ice cream van. Three hours passed and the first man eventually returned and gave the other man a mince pie in which he questioned "Where's my chips"? Although it is very easy to make fun and make up jokes about a disorder or disease as I have done here, but the actual truth and the real nature of suffering with Alzheimer's disease is no joke at all. In this essay I am going to discuss the aetiology, pathology, and physiological response to a sufferer of this disease. History of a world of forgetfulness. The case of a 51
What are the impacts of transmittable diseases on people and the environment they live in and how can these hazards be managed?
What are the impacts of transmittable diseases on people and the environment they live in and how can these hazards be managed? HIV is a transmittable disease, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The disease is only effective in the human body it dies quickly anywhere else. The virus attacks the human immune system making it vulnerable and more susceptible to contracting other diseases, which the body can't fight off. When the body can no longer fight off illness or disease, this is known as AIDS, Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Once you have contracted HIV/AIDS the outcome is inevitable, death. No one who has contracted HIV has ever escaped it developing into AIDS, and no one who has contracted AIDS has ever escaped death. The diseases can be contracted in many ways but the main ways of contracting the infection are through: * Heterosexual intercourse with an infected person. * Homosexual intercourse with an infected person. * Intravenous drug use i.e. sharing needles. * Infected blood or blood products given by blood transfusions or other medical treatments. * Giving birth (if the mother has HIV). HIV has many effects, and as the disease is a world wide pandemic this means that there are different effects in different countries and especially between more economically developed countries (MEDC's) and less economically developed countries (LEDC's).