What is immunisation and how does it work?
Task 1 What is immunisation and how does it work? Immunisation is the process of rendering people immune to an infectious organism by inoculating them with a form of the organism that does not cause severe disease but does provoke formation of protective antibodies. Vaccines are the most effective protection against most diseases caused by viruses and related organisms, because few antibiotics work against them. Immunisation uses the body's natural defence mechanism-the immune response-to build resistance to specific infections. Immunisation is given as an injection or, in the case of polio vaccine, taken as drops by mouth. Immunisation helps children stay healthy by preventing serious infections. Immunisation works by introducing a mild or dead form of the disease into the body. Some vaccines contain a very small dose of a live, but weakened form of a virus. Some vaccines contain a very small dose of killed bacteria or small parts of bacteria, and other vaccines contain a small dose of a modified toxin produced by bacteria. Once the disease enters the body, via the injection, the white blood cells the make antibodies to destroy the microbe causing the disease. If the person is infected with the same microbe again, the white blood cells can quickly produce the correct antibody and the person does not suffer from the disease. This is what is known as
Anatomy Assignment 1:Factors affecting joint stability. The stability of a joint is a measure of how difficult it is to cause disruption from its desired position
Kevin Grumley Anatomy Assignment 1: Factors affecting joint stability. The stability of a joint is a measure of how difficult it is to cause disruption from its desired position or alignment, another way to describe this is id a joint's resistance to displacement. The function of the joints is obviously to provide the bones with a means of moving or being moved. But because such provisions bring with them a threat of instability, the joints have a secondary function for providing stability without interfering with the desired motions. All the joints of the body do not have the same degree of strength or stability. Some such as the hip or elbow are fairly stable. Others such as the shoulder or knee are less stable and therefore more easily injured. The strength or degree of freedom follows Emerson's law: "For everything that is given, something is taken." In the shoulder, movement is gained at the expense of stability, while in the hip, movement is sacrificed for stability. Even as muscles pull on bones to cause movements, they stabilize and strengthen the joints of the skeleton. (Elaine N. Marieb (2005) Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th edition). The stability of a joint is dependant on a number of factors, the main ones listed below. Ligamentous Arrangement: The Arrangement of ligaments around the joint allows them to resist any motion that would tend to stretch
Praxis Note on Alzheimer's Disease
Look back This semester I have been assigned to a specialty care home specifically design to accommodate people with dementia. More than ninety percent of the resident in the home has been diagnosed with dementia. After semester three, which is approx one year and a half ago, I remembered I learned about Alzheimer's Disease (AD). As time and stress has continuously catches me from school, work, and family. I admit that I have forgotten many details of caring for an AD patient in a nursing perspective. I know there is an urgent need for me to refresh my memory and gain new knowledge about the care that Alzheimer patient need in general. Elaborate As I have entered into the home, I do not have much of an idea of what I am going to encounter for the next 12 weeks. When I learnt that this is a home for a high population of individual's with AD. I was quite shocking. I know that AD is a condition that affects cognition function. People with AD will generally have an irreversible decrease cognitive function that will gradually progress over time. I also remember there are three different stages of AD, early stage, intermediate stage, and late stage. The later the stages the more advance the condition is. Depending on the development of AD, individual may have memory difficulties of where item should be place and repetition of takes and doing the same or similar task
Praxis Note on Dignity
Look Back For the past several weeks in Bloomington Cove, the Just Clean Your Hands (JCYH) project has been my major priority. The Director of Care (DOC) and the Assistant Director of Care (ADOC) was very helpful and supportive. They have given my colleague and me guidance throughout the project, helped us ordered supplies for our project, looking into the history of home to give us information, and even reach out to the community to find us materials that we needed for our presentation. I am very fortunate to have them as my preceptors because they have truly supported my learning in this community. The JCYH project would not be as successful. Elaborate and Describe For the past several weeks, it has been a very interesting and amazing experience for me. I have been focusing most of my effort on the Just Clean Your Hands (JCYH) project. I focuses on this particular project is not because the semester is coming closer to the end, but because it is, what I considered as, the climax of the project. My colleagues and I have just presented the hand-hygiene presentation last week. I was very excited by it because I am no longer sitting in front of nursing stations or in the lounge to collect data and see if people have washes their hands before and exiting the unit entrance. I am actually doing something where it will influence other people's practices. I believe that I am a
To Vaccinate or not to Vaccinate?
To Vaccinate or not to Vaccinate? We are assured everyday that vaccines are safe and effective by health authorities and the government, however this practice and protocol is constantly being challenged by reliable sources like government statistics, medical studies, the FDA and CDC; and this vital information is never presented to the public. In this paper we will explore how these vaccines can not only be ineffective but can also be potential health hazards to infants. Hundreds of years ago children received only one vaccine but today they receive as many as eleven vaccines by the age of two. The health authorities say that the reason for this is that the neonatal immune system is "naïve" to foreign antigens at birth and vaccination therefore becomes crucial. It has however been proven that from past studies that measles, mumps, small pox and polio outbreaks have all occurred in vaccinated populations and in fact the DTP vaccine can cause autism and brain damage when administered into newborn babies. On the other hand children with "naïve" systems appear to have no problems in dealing with some of these diseases. Maternal immunoglobulins are said to protect the neonatal however the effects are said to be limited in capacity and short-lived and therefore vaccinating children is the only answer but other evidence clearly shows that childhood infectious diseases are
What Is Immunisation?
WHAT IS IMMUNISATION? Immunisation protects children (and adults) against harmful infections before they come into contact with them in the community. Immunisation uses the body's natural defence mechanism - the immune response - to build resistance to specific infections. Nine diseases can be prevented by routine childhood immunisation - diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis (polio), measles, mumps, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B. All of these diseases can cause serious complications and sometimes death. Immunisation is given as an injection or, in the case of polio vaccine, taken as drops by mouth. Immunisation helps children stay healthy by preventing serious infections. Immunisation and vaccination Technically 'vaccination' is the term used forgiving a vaccine - that is, actually getting the injection or swallowing the drops. 'Immunisation'is the term used for the process of both getting the vaccine and becoming immune to the disease as a result of the vaccine. Most people use the terms 'vaccination' and 'immunisation'interchangeably but their meanings are not exactly the same because immunity follows vaccination in most, but not all, cases. For the purposes of this book, we have always used the term 'immunisation' because this is the expression most commonly used in the community. How does immunisation work? All forms of
Discuss Meningitis B vaccine
In this assignment, I would like to discuss about Meningitis B vaccine, the vaccine which is licensed for use in New Zealand but is not on the national immunization schedule. I will also briefly describe the disease it prevents, New Zealand epidemiology. The vaccine will also be described in term of vaccine efficacy, usage, administration, contraindication and side effects. Lastly, there will be the including the vaccine in the schedule. . WHAT IS MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE? Meningococcal disease is an illness caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. At least 13 groups of meningococci can be differentiated based on the chemical and immunological properties of the capsular polysaccharides. The meningococcus has five main groups are A, B, C, w135 and Y. In New Zealand, group B meningococcal disease accounts for the majority of cases around 93%. Group C around 6% group Y accounts for a small number of cases in each year and group A rarely causes disease (MOH, 2004). The two common of meningococcal infection are meningococcal meningitis which of the membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord. And the meningococcemia is the infection of the blood stream. An individual infected may suffer one or both of these diseases (http://dermnetnz.org, 2002). Meningococcal invasive disease usually has a sudden onset with fever, malaise, prostration and a variety of other possible