This report aims to outline the processes, eligibility criteria and Medicare funding involved with IVF in Australia, and discusses in-depth two ethical issues associated with IVF in relation to the 42 year old woman scenario.
________________ Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Introduction: Processes of IVF: IVF in Australia: Eligibility Criteria: Medicare Funding for IVF: Ethical Issues of IVF: Rights of the Mother: Rights of the Child: Conclusion: Reflection: Appendix – References: ________________ Introduction: In vitro Fertilisation (IVF) encompasses the fertilisation of an egg by sperm outside of the human body and is currently a leading treatment for infertility. This report aims to outline the processes, eligibility criteria and Medicare funding involved with IVF in Australia, and discusses in-depth two ethical issues associated with IVF in relation to the 42 year old woman scenario. Processes of IVF: Sources: (City Fertility Centre, 2009), (HCF, 2013) & (Virtus Health, 2013) Source: (Virtus Health, 2013) Source: (Virtus Health, 2013) IVF in Australia: IVF treatment is currently only available through the private healthcare system and despite overwhelming desires by infertile couples to have children; the cost of IVF fertility is still quite high as a result of insufficient support from the public healthcare system. Despite Australia’s relatively high first-treatment pregnancy rate of 47% and 19% for women under 30 and over 40 respectively (Virtus Health, 2013),
Advanced directives
Introduction This assignment will explore ethical, legal and professional issues surrounding advanced directives. The writer will attempt to objectively critique the literature relating to the study area and it's relevance to issues of justice and diversity. The assignment will employ the four principles of health care these being, justice, autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. Considerations of the findings of the review, the implications for practice and the impact on care provision will be discussed and a conclusion containing a reflective summery of the process of enquiry considering how the writer's individual values, beliefs and attitudes have been challenged. What is an Advanced Directive? Advanced directives are a way for patients to exercise their right by preparing for a time when they may lose their capacity to make or communicate a decision and allows a competent adult to indicate which treatments they would or would not want to have at the end of life, if they were to become seriously ill and were then unable to state their values and wishes (Davis, Aroskar, Liaschenko and Drought 1997) see appendix. When making an advanced directive a person is asking the medical profession not to give them certain medical treatment. (Dimond 2002). Legal, Ethical and Professional Discussion In 1976 Joe Quinlan asked a US Court to allow him to make a legal decision for
reflective essay on placement
The Nature of Nursing Organization and Delivery of Care Order No: 175375 No: of pages - 12 Premium writer - 6530 Introduction: The Medical Profession is more a vocation than just a profession. It needs dedication and selflessness besides good qualification and experience. Therefore it cannot be taken for granted. It is a field that is constantly changing and adapting itself for much quicker and better patient outcomes as Science and Technology take us to another higher level. Besides having good knowledge and experience of things, any person working in the medical field has to have nerves of steel and a heart of gold, the values of which compliment each other. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) that is a regulatory body observes and adapts a professional and statutory framework and guidance in nursing practice. It is entrusted with the responsibility of setting and monitoring the standard for professional education, performance at work and the good conduct or character of those employed in 2 the medical service. In so doing, it helps to maintain a high standard of things because it is free from prejudice and other discriminatory factors. In the interest of public protection, it is the duty of the NMC to see that these functions are dutifully carried out. In order to do this, the members follow the principles laid down in the first
With medical advances promising ever more detailed pre-natal genetic screening, do we have a duty to prevent the birth of physically and/or mentally impaired individuals?
With medical advances promising ever more detailed pre-natal genetic screening, do we have a duty to prevent the birth of physically and/or mentally impaired individuals? ABSTRACT: Medical advances, notably PGD, offer the chance to ensure that children can be born with much lower chances of developing disabilities. It is argued in this essay that disability itself is always a hindrance, and it is not only society's right, but its duty to prevent disability where possible to ensure social justice. Arguments against the proposition are addressed, notably the view that working to eradicate disability indicates a lack of respect for existing individuals who are disabled. This is refuted, and it is concluded that just as established medicine works to promote health to the cost of disease, these emerging technologies are morally justified and their implementation required where resources allow. ESSAY: Disability has traditionally had a significant social stigma attached to it. It is usually defined in terms of some sort of impairment to the individual, whether physical or mental, which prevents them from performing one or more day-to-day activities as well as a normal human being in similar circumstances.i It is uncontroversial to suggest that society has a duty to accommodate these individuals, and for medicine to seek to improve or cure their conditions. Much more contentious
The MMR-Vaccination & Autism Controversy
The MMR-Vaccination & Autism Controversy (Word Count = 2080) .0 INTRODUCTION Autism is a neuropsychiatric disorder that was first described in 1943 by Kanner. This disorder is characterised by early signs of impairments in socialisation and communication (refer to appendix 1.0). However, no two autistic cases are the same. It is generally found that symptoms occur along a spectrum which includes children and adults across the range of severity and intellectual ability, from severely impaired to high-functioning. Consequently, the term Autistic Spectrum Disorders (hereafter known as ASD) has been employed in an attempt to describe the diversity of the condition. Onset is seen generally before the age of 3 years old (Volkmar & Pauls, 2003). Having said this, due to the nature of the condition, diagnoses may not be made up until five years in severe cases of the spectrum or up until adulthood in mild cases. There have been many claims of cures and successes at various symptoms have been made with treatment options, however, the disorder is a life-long disability requiring substantial amounts of care, affection and attention as part of continual maintenance. According to the National Autistic Society, there are currently 500,000 families affected by ASD in the UK. Autism was once considered a rare disorder before the late 1980's. However, since the introduction of the
Origin,causes and treatments of gastroenteritis using a case study
Origin,causes and treatments of gastroenteritis using a case study Lower gastrointestinal infections Case history 'Bertrand, a 35 year old Frenchman with nausea,abdominal pain and diarrhoea' Gastroenteritis is a non-specific term used to describe a condition that causes irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines in which there is a combination of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain.3The gastrointestinal tract contain natural defences which include, gastric acid, bile salts, normal bowel flora, immune responces,motility and protection against toxins by the action of the liver. These influence the nature of local flora and of pathogens that may invade 5. It used to be known as winter vomiting disease1.Micro organisms responsible for gastrointestinal infections vary from one geographic area to another and it depends on the level of sanitation, economic development and hygiene standards. In developing countries it is a major cause of death in children and it is estimated that 4 million children under 5 die from this every year. Usually do to bacteria or parasite contaminating crops and water. In the UK it is estimated that 1 in 5 people will get gastroenteritis and it is usually due to food poisoning. Most cases clear up itself within a week. Severe infections are uncommon in the UK and epidemiology studies have generally noted that rotavirus induced
Clinical care case study. Mrs. Burton was left with a mixture of emotion mostly feeling of dissatisfaction after her appointment, especially as she had been so nervous and apprehensive about seeing the doctor in the first place. Mrs. Burton had suspected
Name: Nazrean Sajawal GT Group: 12 Guidance Tutor: Fiona Watson Foundation Studies Intake: March 2010 Cohort Module Marker: Submission Date: 4th January 2011 Module Title: This assignment will be identifying a service user from my clinical placement as well as discussing an episode of care that was received from a service user's perspective. This occurred during one of the days that the student nurse worked at the clinical placement. The term for person centre care is mentioned frequently in the older people literature, particularly in dementia care. Brooker (2004, p.219) proposes that 'in person-centred care the relationships between all the people in the care environment should be nurtured'. Similarly, McCormack (2004) proposes that relationships, environmental conditions and individual values epitomise person-centred gerontological nursing. The name of patient and the clinical placement will not be named as it preaches one of the codes of conduct from the Nursing and Midwifery Council, which is confidentiality (NMC, 2008). Throughout the assignment the service user will be called Mrs. Burton. The nurse patient relationship appears to be good between the student nurse and Mrs. Burton. Therefore, it was consider relevant to interview Mrs. Burton who had a positive and negative experience on care that they had received. There will also be relevant literature to
reflective case study
Reflective Case Study The concept of reflection as a learning tool in workplace education can enable the student to problem solve in practice. By exploring the individuals own unique situations and past experience they can, in order to learn, consider past thoughts and memories to achieve a desired outcome. (Rolfe, 1998). Taylor (2000) suggests that, to reflect on action from an event, we must remember our thoughts and memories. Then we must use the ability of contemplation, meditation and consideration, which will enable us to make sense of them in order to modify our behaviour, should we encounter a similar experience in the future. Introduction The following reflective account aims to explore specific complications and difficulties encountered after obtaining a history and performing a physical examination on a young patient that presented to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department. The incident that I have chosen to look at took place whilst on a placement in the Minor Injuries Unit based in an A & E Department following a theoretical module on Patient Assessment. Confidentiality has been preserved throughout in accordance with the Health Professions Council (HPC) Code of Professional Conduct (HPC, 2002). To achieve and understand the use of reflection in a structured manner, the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle will be utilised. Bulman and Schutz (2004)
Reflective Portfolio
This assignment will illustrate instances wherein reflection as a nursing approach has helped me in my professional and personal development. This assignment is about my nursing experiences during my first clinical placement. This assignment also relates and focuses on patient confidentiality. I have chosen Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle framework for reflection. I hope to demonstrate my ability to reflect on a specific incident during which I have observed and practiced. During this process of reflection, I aim to demonstrate my ability to link theory to practice. Reflection has also enabled me to have a better understanding of myself and my professional practice. During this process, I became aware of some uncomfortable feelings which have stemmed from experiences which I needed to explore to identify the root of my concerns. Having analysed these feelings and knowledge, I hope that this assignment would illustrate that as a reflective new practitioner, I have arrived at new perspectives and action plans. According to Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle provides a straight forward and structural framework and encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what the professional would do should the
Should my child have the MMR vaccination?
Should my child have the MMR vaccination? (Source wikepedia) Introduction Why is this question even being considered? The above graph shows that when the vaccine was licensed, there was a sudden drop in reported cases of RUBELLA, MUMPS and MEASELS. So why is this question being asked? In February 1998 research led by Dr Wakefield is the first to suggest that the MMR vaccine might be linked to an increased risk of autism and bowel disorders. MMR stands for MUMPS MEASELES AND RUBELLA. The MMR the injection of immunity against measles mumps and rubella it is given to a child around the age of one with a booster dose before starting school. If a child catches any of the diseases he is isolated from school. If the mother has been protected then the baby will have the mother's antibodies and is already immune. How does a vaccine work? Step 1 Small amount of disease MOs are put into your body. Dead or inactive forms are used so you don't get the disease itself. Sometimes just parts of the MOs are used. Step 2 White blood cells recognise the foreign MOs. They make the right antibodies to stick to the MOs. Step 3 The antibodies make the MOs clump together. White blood cells digest the clump. Step 4 If you meet the real disease MO, the antibodies you need are made very quickly. Step 5 The MOs are destroyed before they can make you ill. Vaccines Vaccines make use of the