The Position of Ethnic Minorities into Nursing and Midwifery NHS Workforce: Using a Systematic Review ApproachNHS Workforce:

The Position of Ethnic Minorities into Nursing and Midwifery NHS Workforce: Using a Systematic Review Approach Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my husband, my children and my mother for supporting me towards the completion of my MSc programme. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 Abstract 5 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 7 . Executive Summary 7 2. Introduction 10 3. Background Information and literature Review 12 4. Aim of proposed study 14 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 16 5. Review of Literature 16 5.1 Challenges and barriers that the profession brings it self 18 6. Statistics 22 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 33 7. Study selection criteria and procedure 33 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 44 8. Results 44 Diagram 1: Summary of studies included and excluded from the review. 44 8.2 Trends and characteristics of ethnic minority in nursing and midwifery NHS workforce 50 8.3 Possible Barriers 55 8.4 Interventions to attract ethnic minority groups into nursing & midwifery workforce 58 8.5 Recommendations from articles included in the review 62 8.6 Qualitative Critical Appraisal 63 9. Discussion 64 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 69 0. Conclusion 69 1. Recommendations 71 References: 73 Appendix 84 Abstract Gaining new knowledge, understanding a new research tool, observable evidence and the opportunity to investigate the

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Thermal Regulation and acclimatization.

THERMOREGULATION AND ACCLIMATIZATION Adapted from: Haymes EM, Wells CL. Environment and Human Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1986. Reference List available upon request. Thermal Regulation in the Human Organism Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations between living organisms and their environments. Today, it is widely recognized that an organism is at the center of an ecosystem. As such, it is influenced by a multitude of physical and biological environmental factors. It is the essence of living things to be part of an ecosystem and yet to be capable of resisting, to some extent, the impact of the environment (Prosser, 1964). Organisms progress in complexity from a clump of cells that must closely conform to the conditions of their environment to more highly organized accumulations of soft tissues and organs that are capable of independent action. No organism's internal composition is exactly similar to its environment. Regulating organisms are capable of maintaining a relatively constant internal condition (homeostasis) despite widely fluctuating environmental conditions. The internal conditions of conforming organisms, on the other hand, are more closely restricted to the conditions of the surrounding environment. The human is an excellent example of a regulating organism that is able to maintain a relatively constant internal

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Lower back pain in pregnancy. This study is therefore designed to determine the prevalence of low back pain in pregnant women, and also find out the predisposing factors and the impact of low back pain on daily living in pregnant women in Lagos.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .1 Introduction Low back pain (LBP) is the most common and currently one of the most widespread musculoskeletal problems affecting the human population (Walsh, 1990). It has been estimated that a quarter to half of the patients seen in physiotherapy outpatient departments suffer from back pain. The severity of this musculoskeletal condition ranges from mild back muscle strain to the gruesome pain that may incapacitate man from working as well as living a healthy life (Owoeye, 1999). Disability reported as a result of LBP and loss of manpower with huge amounts of revenue loss has increased dramatically recently (Akinbo, 1998). Annually, over $50 billion is spent on the diagnosis and treatment of back pain in the United States (Jameel et al, 1996). The time off work due to LBP has increased by 40% for all other complaints (Helen, 1992). These figures are of great concern to all professionals dealing with the problem of LBP, especially the physiotherapist. Back pain is a common symptom in women of childbearing age, with as many as half of these women reporting back pain at some stage during pregnancy (Fast et al, 1987; Berg, 1988; Ostgaard, 1991). Ostgaard et al (1991) have shown that there seems to be little difference in the prevalence of LBP between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Although non-specific low back pain is experienced by both

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Cell cycle abnormalities in cancer

Cell Cycle Abnormalities in Cancer. Introduction The cell cycle is a complex topic, parts of which are still being explored today. As cancer grows more prolific in today's society, affecting 1 in 3 of us in the UK in our lifetime, the topic is under scrutiny as the complete understanding of these processes could one day give us a cure for cancer. In this report, I plan to outline the processes that lead to cell proliferation, identify and explain the checkpoints that protect and maintain the integrity of the genome of all human cells, identify key processes that, when mutated, can lead to unchecked cell proliferation, and to highlight the oncogenes involved in most cancers. I will show, that in many of the processes, the loss of key factors could lead to damaged DNA being passed on to daughter cells, leading to mutations that cause tumour genesis. I will also identify, explain the relevance of, and explain the role of key genes that have been discovered to have a major role in cancer. Abstract. The cell cycle consists of five main phases: G0, G1, S, G2 and M phase. G0 phase is described as cells senescence, when, due to signals from checkpoints, such as a cyclin cascade initiated by p53, a prevalent cell cycle blockade, the cell halts all cell cycle progress. This may be due to a signal being shown that DNA has been damaged; this would mean that cell cycle progress would

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Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa By: Anonymous Colleges and universities around the country are reporting an increased prevalence of eating problems among young female students. Difficulties include obsession with food, starvation dieting, severe weight loss, obesity, and compulsive binge eating, often followed by self-induced vomiting (Hesse-Biber, 1989, p. 71). What are the reasons for eating disorders among college-aged women? It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this question and give an overview of several possible answers, determined following an examination of current psychological literature in this area of concern. The reasons for difficulties around the issues of food and eating are myriad and complex. They touch on every aspect of being female, and no single answer sufficiently explains the phenomenon of college students who overeat or undereat as a response to stress. In her book, Anatomy of a Food Addiction, author Anne Katherine calls eating the "great escape" and pinpoints the vulnerabilities of women to childhood origins (1991, p. 70). She believes that girls are taught that they cannot fight or flee. Unlike boys, who have the outlets of strenuous play and fighting to release anger, girls are taught that they must cope within the difficult situation while remaining there. In the girl-child's attempts to find solace in a situation from which she cannot escape, she

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The Husbandry Of Bombina bombina,The European Fire-bellied Toad

NATIONAL DIPLOMA ANIMAL MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF EXOTICS HUSBANDRY GUIDELINES ONE DAVID TREGARTH Lecturer - Andrew Holden Issue Date - 27/09/04 Due Date - 17/12/04 The Husbandry Of Bombina bombina, The European Fire-bellied Toad Biology Taxonomy The European fire-bellied toad is of the family Discoglossidae, a family which contains five genera and about 13 species. This family is characterised by the lack of a protruding tongue, requiring food to be caught in the mouth and encouraged further into the mouth through use of the forelimbs. Of these genera some of the best known and most popular captives are of the genus bombina, which in itself contains six species which can be found from the relatively cold climes of Eastern Europe (even as far north as Denmark) right across the world's largest land mass into Asia as far as the Chinese gulf. Of this genera three species of toad are suitable for the less experienced budding herpetologist. These include Bombina variegata the yellow bellied toad of western Europe, Bombina orientalis the oriental fire bellied toad, found (unsurprisingly) in the far east and Bombina bombina the European fire bellied toad, with whom this booklet is concerned. Morphology The fire-bellied toads are arguably amongst the most attractive of all toads, good examples show a mottled and warty green and black body though this may vary to grey,

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Case study-Myocarial infarction

NUR 364: Human Sciences in Nursing 2 Alice Pryce-Williams March 2007 Cohort Human Sciences in Nursing 2 This assignment is going to explore how biological, psychological and social factors of a person's life may impact upon their health status. This will be done by including a detailed patient profile of Jane, a 55 year old patient, who suffered a myocardial infarction (MI) and was nursed in an acute hospital setting. The altered physiology that occurred as a result of the MI will be looked at with consideration to psychosocial factors that may have contributed to the patient's illness. MI is one of the most common manifestations of CHD according to Todd (2008) and so Jane's main risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) will be identified, with particular attention on the issue of smoking. How smoking may have contributed to the cause of an MI will then be explored, with an analysis of the factors that may have influenced Jane taking up smoking. The main factors that will be looked at will be how living in a low social economic household gives more chance of becoming a smoker, and how influences from family and peers may trigger smoking behaviour. Government interventions such as the smoking ban will then be looked at, and how National Service Frameworks (NSF) have been put in place to tackle the high numbers of CHD, as the disease accounts

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TREATMENT METHODS FOR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN 3)

TREATMENT METHODS FOR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN 3) It is worth remembering that neither cytology nor colposcopy are able to provide a definitive diagnosis of neoplastic changes in the cervix. The evidence of CIN from a Pap smear or colposcopic examination of aceto white areas is at best presumptive. A definitive diagnosis of CIN can only be provided by tissue biopsy and the demonstration of histological changes of CIN in the cervix (eu). For this reason one or more colposcopically directed punch biopsies should always be taken when an area of aceto white is detected in the cervix. The biopsies should be taken from the most abnormal looking areas of the cervix using a specially designed biopsy forceps with the aim of excluding invasion (eu). Once a histological diagnosis has been obtained, appropriate treatment can be applied. Ablative techniques such as radical electrocoagulation diathermy, cryocautery, laser vaporisation, and cold coagulation are currently used for the treatment of CIN (eu). It should be remembered that colposcopic biopsies are generally small and not easy to target so that the most severe pathological changes lesion in the cervix may occasionally be missed on punch biopsy. Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) provides a satisfactory solution to this problem as it combines diagnostic biopsy with treatment. The whole

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OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA

Running Head: OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA Occupational Asthma [Author's Name] [Institution's Name] Occupational Asthma Introduction Occupational asthma (OA) is the most common occupational disease in industrialized countries and it is estimated that approximately 15% of all adult asthma is occupational in origin. Correct diagnosis and early management are key factors affecting disease prognosis and socioeconomic consequences. The individual patient is not the only one affected when measures are taken; the consequent changes in working conditions can also prevent the appearance of other cases at the patient's workplace or other sites. Thus, the benefits are important for the health of the workforce and also for the economy, both of individual companies and of society in general. Definition OA is a disease characterized by variable obstruction of airflow and/or airway hyperresponsiveness attributable to factors associated with the workplace rather than to stimuli found outside that environment. (Nicholson, 2002) Classification The following types of OA are distinguished according to the pathogenesis of the disease: . Immunologic OA or OA caused by hypersensitivity. This requires a period of time for sensitization to the causative agent to develop, and therefore, there is a latent period between exposure and the appearance of symptoms. The following subtypes are

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Identify causes of non-infectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: -inherited disease, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental disease.

CALLAGHAN COLLEGE-JESMOND CAMPUS HSC BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT TASK ONE THE SEARCH FOR BETTER HEALTH "Non-Infectious Diseases and Emphysema" Hayley Watson HBIO2 Mr. J. Leahy Identify causes of non-infectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: -inherited disease, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental disease. A non-infectious disease is defined, according to Alford and others (2002, p. 212), as a disease that cannot be spread from one organism to another. Alford continues to explain that non infectious diseases can be categorised into three distinct classes. These are inherited diseases, nutritional deficiencies and environmental diseases. Inherited Disease An inherited disease is "due to genetic defects passed on from previous generations." (Auburn and others, 2000, p. 384). An example of a genetic disease is glaucoma. "Glaucoma is an eye disease characterised by increased pressure of the fluid within the eye and is a leading cause of blindness worldwide." (Glaucoma, World Book Millennium Encyclopaedia, 2000) The aqueous humour--the fluid that nourishes the cornea and the lens--does not drain properly, and as pressure in the eye increases, the optic nerve is destroyed. This is described in World Book Millennium Encyclopaedia CD Rom Glaucoma article. The article further explains that Glaucoma is caused by an alteration within a gene

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