The clinical skill this reflective assignment will refer to is the measurement of blood pressure which was one of the many skills I had to perform on a daily basis.
Student number: 1103661 Assessment number F03314 Reflective skills report The purpose of this assignment is to reflect on a clinical skill which has been performed whilst out in clinical practice. The clinical skill this reflective assignment will refer to is the measurement of blood pressure which was one of the many skills I had to perform on a daily basis. Being on a rehabilitation ward for my placement gave me the opportunity to perform a variety of clinical skills. To help me reflect and explore my experience of undertaking my chosen skill, I will be using the Gibbs’ model of reflection (Gibbs 1988). A reflective model such as this has been used because, as suggested by Hargreaves (1997), reflective models are a tool that is believed to result in both improvement in patient care and professional development. Gibbs model of reflection incorporates the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). Throughout this assignment I will be referring to the student guidelines relating to the maintenance of confidentiality, which states that all relevant information gained is accurate and used to the purpose of the assignment only, in this case all personal details of the patient I will be discussing which identifies her will be excluded from the text. Also In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils (2008) Code
Bone and Joint Histology
Bone & Joint Histology ________________ Bone * It is a specialised connective tissue. * Osteogenic cells ⇒ osteoblast (makes matrix, active when young, and after fracture) ⇒ osteocyte ⇒ osteoclast (functions in resorption, breakdown of bone matrix) (makes cavities) (from blood monocyte) Bone Functions * Framework for support of the skeleton * Protection: brain, spinal cord, lungs and heart * Levers for muscles attached to them via tendons * Reservoir for minerals e.g. calcium, magnesium, phosphates etc. Bone Matrix * Components * Extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibres) consists of inorganic material (65%) e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, fluoride, citrate, sulfate, and hydroxide. * Minerals give bone hardness and rigidity * Organic component (35%) mostly type I collagen (95%)- gives bone slight flexibility; and ground substance e.g. GAGs with proteoglycans, which contain chondroitin and keratin sulfates which give bone resilience * Development 1. Bone starts as osteoid, which is collagen and GAG’s with no minerals 2. Bone becomes mineralised (immature, primary, or woven bone). It is the first bone to appear in development and in repair after fractures 3. Bone starts to remodel as the adult form (mature, secondary, lamellar) Bone Cells . Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells: from
Cancer Therapy and Pathophysiology
Cancer is defined as a medical disorder characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells beyond normal limits, followed by invasion from adjacent tissues. It is spread to other body parts by lymph or blood through metastasis. The division of cancerous cells progresses from initiation and promotion till formation of malignant tumors. The diagrammatic representation of formation of cancer cells in the body is shown below: Source: Adapted from www.medicalbook.com/cancers. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CANCER: Cell growth is systematic process which has balance between growth of new cells and death of old ones. However, cancerous cells creates imbalance of the normal mechanism and causes excessive growth. Carcinogenesis causes derangement of division of cells due to damage of DNA. Proto-oncogenes, responsible for cell growth are impaired in carcinogenesis due to mutations. Proto-oncogenes become over expressed to cause excessive uncontrolled cell growth. Additionally, Tumor suppressor genes which become active during dell repair, also gets deactivated during mutagenesis caused by cancer and the ability to repair DNA gets witched off. Mutations to proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are the main patho-physiological causes of cancer and multiple tumors. Substances which initiate mutations and DNA damage in the human body are termed as mutagens or carcinogens. These mutagens are
The Bio Psychological Perspective.
The Bio Psychological Perspective. Psychologists who take a bio psychological approach believe that all our behaviour is determined by our biology. They are interested in how genetic transmission, the hormonal system and the structure of the brain are related to and affect the way we behave. One example of a behaviour, which can be explained by our biology, is Schizophrenia. Some researchers propose that the best explanation for schizophrenia is genetic transmission, due to the condition's tendency to run in families. One method of studying this theory is the study of twins, identical and non-identical. In a study carried out by Gottesman and Shields (1972, cited in Gross & Mcilveen 1996) a concordance rate of 42% for identical twins to develop schizophrenia was found in comparison to a concordance rate of only 9% for non-identical twins. The concordance rate has been consistently higher for identical twins to develop schizophrenia in several other studies. Evidence also suggests that the concordance rate is equally high for identical twins that have been separated at birth, as it is for identical twins that have been raised in the same environment. Another explanation for the development of schizophrenia could be over-activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. The neurotransmitter implicated in an overwhelming amount of research is dopamine. When post-mortems have
Investigating changing the behaviour of cigarette smokers.
I.D. #: 04-005538 COURSE: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR CHANGE (PS27A) LECTURER: ELAINE GORDON PROJECT OPTION 3: CHOOSE A BEHAVIOUR AND WRITE A PAPER SUMMARISING THE LATEST RESEARCH ON CHANGING THAT BEHAVIOUR, NOTING WHICH STRATEGIES ARE SUCCESSFUL OR UNSUCCESSFUL AND WHY. As early as 2,000 years ago, natives of the Americas used tobacco as a medicine, as a hallucinogen in religious ceremonies, and as offerings to the spirits they worshiped. When Italian Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus traveled to the Americas in 1492, he observed the Arawak people of the Caribbean smoking tobacco loosely rolled in a large tobacco leaf. They also smoked tobacco through a tube they called a tobago, from which the name tobacco originated. Columbus's crew introduced tobacco growing and use to Spain. During the next fifty years, sailors, explorers, and diplomats helped spread pipe and cigar smoking throughout Europe. At first, it was used medicinally as a purported treatment for diseases and disorders such as bubonic plague, migraines, labor pains, asthma, and cancer. Within 100 years, however, smoking for pleasure became common. In 1612 the British colony at Jamestown, Virginia, began growing wild tobacco and exporting it to England. They soon switched to common tobacco, the milder kind grown in the West Indies and in demand in Europe. It quickly became the main crop grown in the colonies and was
Is Society to blame For Anorexia?
Is Society to blame For Anorexia Anorexia nervosa is a life-threaten eating disorder defined by refusal to maintain body weight. Other essential features of this disorder include an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and an absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles (amenorrhoea) when otherwise expected to occur in women. Sometimes people starve and binge, depending on the extent of weight loss. This can be physically very dangerous. The argument I plan to make is if anorexia is caused by pressures made on mainly young woman 2 look perfect by society. Many people feel people affected by anorexia are trying to fulfil a culturally imposed ideal body image, which stresses thinness. Many anorexics restrict their daily intake to 1,00 calories or less. Most avoid fatting high calorie foods and eliminate red meat or meat altogether. The diet of persons with anorexia may consist almost completely of low calorie vegetables. Anorexia nervosa is the third most common chronic illness in adolescent girls and is estimated to occur in 0.5% to 3% of all teenagers. Anorexia mainly occurs in young adolescent girls but over the past 40 years it has increased 3 times in young adult women. 90% of reported cases of anorexia are in women, but the rate in men appears to be increasing, as men are more likely to conceal eating disorder than woman. Many
Parkinson's disease
In 1817 , a London physician named James Parkinson wrote the first information of Parkinson's disease in his essay of the shaking palsy , and now in just under 200 years it has become the second most common neurogenic disorder affecting approximately 1% of the world population over 50 years old .However very few people know what Parkinson's is and its influence to the everyday life of a suffer. So in this essay critically evaluate the Parkinson association of South Africa pamphlet by covering the most common questions asked by potential suffers or their families in order to determine what effects Parkinson's disease has on a sufferer. Before I begin to evaluating the pamphlet it would be helpful to familiarize ourselves with what Parkinson disease is, how it is brought about and who is mainly affected. Parkinson's disease is a progressive, neurological disorder, occurring when nerve cells do not work properly in a particular area of the brain, called the substantia nigra, which is a pigmented nucleus in the brain stem ( Alexander, Fawcett & Runciman ,2000) .The substantia nigra forms part of the basal ganglia which consists of several clusters of cell bodies receiving impulses from different parts of the cerebral cortex. These nerve cells produce and store dopamine and acetylcholine, the chemical messenger which co-ordinates the body's movements, the chemical messengers work
Ovarian Cancer.
Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer is a cancer which forms in the ovaries of a female reproductive organs. Most times it is undetected until small tumors line the abdominal cavity and the cancer cells invade vital organs. This cancer, which is the fifth leading cause of cancer death among American women, has recently shown signs that it may have more success with new treatments for all stages of the disease. Symptoms Ovarian cancer has often times been known as the "silent killer" of American women, but scientists have recently uncovered startling facts: more than 90% of ovarian cancer patients had symptoms of the disease long before it was officially diagnosed. As well as this amazing fact, one in 17 women who live to be 80 will develop ovarian cancer. Some symptoms of this disease include abdominal swelling; digestive disturbances, which include gas, bloating, chronic stomach pains, or indigestion; pelvic pressure; a persistent need to urinate; unexplained weight loss or pain in the pelvis, lower back, or legs. As it can be seen, these symptoms can pertain to many other illnesses, therefore it is hard for a doctor to know ovarian cancer exists. Most times, when these symptoms do not respond to the usual treatments, doctors are instructed to consider ovarian cancer as the problem. Diagnosis, Surgery, and Therapy In order to make a diagnosis, first the doctor requires a
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Rosemary Marzouk Prof. Haghighi Psychology 101 December 24, 2006 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) means that the person has illogical and irresistible thoughts or impulses (Obsessions) that they consider absurd and that they attempt to resist. They are acted out physically as a way to reduce the anxiety associated with the obsessions (compulsions). There is usually a feeling that something bad will happen if they do not act upon the obsessions (catch a disease, therefore they wash their hands very frequently and ritualistically). The essential feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder is obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts that are recurrent. Obsessional thoughts are ideas, images or impulses that enter the individual's mind again and again. They are regularly distressing (because they are violent or obscene, or because they are perceived as senseless) and the sufferer often tries, unsuccessfully, to resist them. They are, however, recognized as the individual's own thoughts, even though they are involuntary and often disgusting. Compulsive acts or rituals are behaviors that are repeated again and again. They are not enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of any useful tasks. The individual often views them as preventing some unlikely event, often involving harm to himself or herself. Usually, this behavior is recognized by
What is Hypophosphatasia?
HYPOPHOSPHATASIA INTRODUCTION; Hypophosphatasia is a rare disorder characterised by low levels of serum alkaline phosphatase activity resulting in abnormal phoshorylated metabolites and varying skeletal abnormality. Ratbun first described it in 1948, but since then reports have come from countries all over the world. DIFFERENT FORMS OF HYPOPHOSPHATASIA; Hypophosphatasia is classified into six sub groups. All six exhibit a varying skeletal abnormality. These include: . Adult form - occurring in middle age. 2. Childhood form - affecting children seven and upwards. 3. Odonto - affects infants and children. 4. Perinatal - affects pregnant women. 5. Infantile - Infants (6months -7 years) are effected by the; Infantile, Pseudo and Odonto forms. These then persist in adult life 6. Pseudo Hypophosphatasia- is an extremely rare form of the disease. Adult form ? Symptoms: - Premature teeth loss, - Slowness in walking with tiredness. - Pain in legs and feet. ? Diagnosis: - Stress fractures in the feet, thighs or hips. ? Prognosis: - Involves extraction of the secondary teeth. Childhood form ? Symptoms - Premature loss of teeth (before the age of five). - Waddling gait. - Pain stiffness with muscle weakness in limbs. - Bowed legs or knocked knees. - Short stature. ? Diagnosis - Enlargement of the wrists and ankles. Infantile form ?