Disorders of the Digestive System.
Disorders of the Digestive System Diarrhea: Diarrhea is defined as the excessively frequent passage of unformed stool. The symptom has many possible causes. Most acute diarrheas are of infectious origin or are stress related and because they are self-limited, require no treatment. Diarrhea is generally divided into two types; large volume and small volume diarrhea. Large volume diarrhea implies hypersecretion, which is usually of small intestinal etiology. Large volume diarrhea also may result from an osmotic overload. Small volume diarrhea is due to increased propulsive activity and is most commonly seen irritable bowel syndrome (Beeson, McDermott, Wyngaarden, 1479). Treatment: Treatment demands electrolyte replacement and immediate withdrawal of the offending agent if this is known, as well as treatment of the underlying disorder. Glucose added to oral electrolyte solutions improves absorption, because glucose is actively absorbed and carries with it obligatory fluid and consequently electrolyte absorption. Bed rest often provides symptomatic relief. Mild diarrheas may be treated with binding agents such as aluminum hydroxide gel, kaolin, pectin, and bismuth. A general rule is that medication should be withdrawn as soon as the diarrhea appears to be under control (Beeson, McDermott, Wyngaarden, 1480). Constipation: Constipation is the infrequent and difficult passage
Genetic disorder - Huntington's Disease
Genetic disorder: Huntington's Disease Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disorder resulting in progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (1). It is also called Huntington's chorea which is a word from Greek meaning 'dance' because of the uncontrolled movement. It was first published in the Philadelphia Journal, The Medical and Surgical Reporter, written by George Huntington (2). Onset is usually between 35 and 45 and death some 15 to 20 years later and affects about 1 in 2500 adults (1). Although it generally onset in middle to late adult life, a rare juvenile from which presents at a much younger age is possible but with different clinical features. There are about 10% of juvenile Huntington's disease presents before the age of 20 (2). This essay will discuss this disease by looking at it's genetic basis, the clinical symptoms and the different methods of treatment of it. Huntington's disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder trait (1). It was the first disorders to be mapped by linkage analysis using polymorphic DNA markers. By this method, Huntington locus was localized to a subchromosomal region in 1983 (2). The HD gene, which was originally called IT15, was finally isolated after ten years in 1993 by exon trapping. The identity of IT15 came from the observation that a section of the gene encoding multiple copies of the amino
Anaphylactoid reactions from Iopromide in patient with angina undergoing angiography - Pharmacovigilance Brief Report Essay
Article Title: Anaphylactoid Reactions From Iopromide In Patient With Angina Undergoing Angiography Article Keywords: Iopromide, Contrast Media, Anaphylactic, Anaphylactoid Reactions, Adverse Reactions Key Points: * Iopromide, a non-ionic iodinated contrast media, is known to have the highest occurrence in causing anaphylactoid reactions. * The use of Iopromide in patient with history of angina undergoing angiography need to be monitored intensively as the adverse reactions are likely to occur. * Healthcare professionals who are using iodinated contrast media need to recognise and treat anaphylactic reactions immediately and appropriately. * In patients with previous hypersensitivity to contrast media, premedication with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids is recommended. Word Counts: 1379 (exclude page 1 and references) BRIEF REPORT Anaphylactoid Reactions From Iopromide In Patient With Angina Undergoing Angiography SUMMARY/ABSTRACT A 55yr old patient with a history of angina is being assessed for a coronary bypass. Undergoing an angiography, on infusion of non-ionic iodinated radio contrast media (Iopromide), incidence is occurred. Clinical manifestations are consistent with anaphylactoid reactions. The patient becomes confused, appears flushed and also develops palpitations, angioedema, hypotension and bronchoconstriction. Following treatment with
Which drugs, if any, should be legalized?
Done By: Xin Liu (Jenny) Course: HEFP Law English Tutor: Julia Strutt Submission Date: Tuesday 27 April Total Words: 2243 Words . Which drugs, if any, should be legalized? In modern society, nowadays, there is a large debate on whether the drugs should be legalized. Under this topic, each of us has a different value, so we may not come up with the same position, but people probably just consider the word 'legalize' and ignore the source of this debate. What are drugs? Why is it illicit to use drugs? First of all, what do drugs exactly mean to people? This is fundamental to understand their potential abuse. A psychoactive substance is something that people take to change the way they feel, think or behave. Some of these substances are called drugs, and others, like alcohol and tobacco, are considered dangerous but are not called drugs. Following the significant improvement of technology, today there are in total, more than 200 different kinds of drugs1 in the world. These can be divided into two groups based on their origin - natural and synthetic drugs. In the past, most drugs were made from plants, such as the coca bush for cocaine, opium poppies for heroin and cannabis for marijuana. Now drugs such as ecstasy or phencyclidine are produced by synthesizing various chemicals. Drugs of abuse fall into three categories according to their effect on user's central nervous
How does Smoking cause Bronchitis and Emphysema?
How does Smoking cause Bronchitis and Emphysema? Smoking causes many harmful chemical substances entering the lungs. These substances include: ? Tar ? Nicotine ? Carbon Monoxide As these substances enter the lungs most of them settle in and begin to do they're jobs in the body (mainly destroying). However some of these substances are trapped in sticky mucus and coughed out or sneezed out. Even so, any part of the upper respiratory tract and lungs can become infected by disease causing micro-organisms. Infection of the bronchus and bronchioles is called bronchitis. It is the inflammation of the bronchi and is characterised by coughing up phlegm and also the narrowing of the bronchi causing breathlessness. When these bronchi and bronchioles get infected, they swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms. This makes it hard for you to breathe. You may cough up mucus and you may wheeze (make a whistling sound when you breathe). Acute bronchitis is almost always caused by viruses that attack the lining of the bronchial tree and cause infection. As your body fights back against these viruses, more swelling occurs and more mucus is made. It takes time for your body to kill the viruses and heal the damage to your bronchial tubes. In most cases, the same viruses that cause colds cause acute bronchitis. Research has shown that bacterial infection is much less common in bronchitis than we
Serum Leptin Levels and Adiposity in Chinese.
Serum Leptin Levels and Adiposity in Chinese* *This work was financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation of the United States and Natural Science Fund of Shanghai Secondary Medical University 98-11-25 SUMMARY Objective: To establish normal serum leptin levels in Chinese and to investigate the relationships between serum leptin levels and body fat, gender, age and androgen. Methods: Serum leptin levels were measured in 77 lean (BMI<25) and 28 overweight or obese(BMI?25) subjects by a RIA method. Results: The serum leptin levels in lean Chinese were 2.15?1.46ng/ml in male and 7.85?3.60ng/ml in female, which are similar to those of Caucasians, while in overweight or obese ones, the levels were 4.87?3.47ng/ml and 16.59?6.92ng/ml respectively, lower than those in Caucasians. A 2-3 times higher leptin concentrations were found in women than in men in both conditions. Even when the number of lean males were expanded to 79 subjects aged from 17-80, no significant leptin-age relationship was found. Despite 25% of obese subjects manifested a relative deficiency of leptin, as a whole, leptin levels in both men and women were significantly correlated with BMI (r=0.69, P<0.001 in male and r=0.63, P<0.001 in female). Conclusion: Serum leptin levels in Chinese lean people are similar to those in Caucasians and in both lean and obese groups, the leptin levels are correlated with
Pathogens and Diseases.
Pathogens and Diseases (IB Biology) I. The Nature of Disease . Definitions a. Disease is a medical condition in humans: a condition that results in medically significant symptoms in a human. Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body called symptoms and signs. b. Non-Infectious Disease are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body, but does not communicated(spread) from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. c. Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body and can spread from one person to another. d. Pathogens are the microorganisms which enters the body causes disease (eg. bacteria or virus). 2. Types of Pathogens Types Example of Pathogen Disease Caused Virus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS Bacteria Myobacterium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Fungi Trichophyton Athlete's Foot Single-celled (protozoa) Plasmodium Malaria Flatworms Fluke Shistomiasis Roundworms Hookworm Hookworm (may cause anemia) 3. Six ways in which pathogens are transmitted and gain entry into the body: > Contact-when an infected person touches an uninfected person, the pathogen can enter through the skin. > Cuts-Pathogen enters the body where the skin is cut by contaminated object. > Droplets-when an infected person coughs or sneezes, their droplet contains pathogens
A Megan slowly and steadily walks into the dance studio many eyes turn as she twists her long brown hair in to a bun.
A Megan slowly and steadily walks into the dance studio many eyes turn as she twists her long brown hair in to a bun. Megan is the girl everyone wants to be, she had long brownish black hair, greenish blue eyes, tall and skinny. Megan had everything that we all wanted. But as Megan built up to be this wonderful person, but that all comes down hill too. For Megan was hitting that stage were she like "boys." That stage became a bigger part of her life then what she intended it to be. Before anyone realized what was going on Megan was already going down hill in her life and dance. Before Megan realized it, she had hit rock bottom. This all had to start somewhere and this somewhere was with a jock of her local high school. This guy was named Kenny. Kenny was the man of her dreams. Well things that were perfect when down hill were when Kenny stated one individual sentence to Megan. When Kenny told Megan that she should maybe loose some weight she was hurt and started to listen. Well Megan decided to move on to another guy for Kenny was just not on the top of her list. As Megan still attended school a new guy came into her life but the name of Drew. Drew and Meagan ended up dating for a couple months and things seemed to be going well. So they seemed. Well Megan still had been loosing weight and Drew decided to jump in and talk to her about it. Well we all think would happen did not
The Three Stages of Whooping Cough
INTRODUCTION This report will explain the cause and effect of Bordetella Pertussis (whooping cough) and will explain the micro-organism that cause it, Also, the way the disease is spread will be explained. The report will identify the signs and symptoms, which are present in the individual who has the disease. It will describe what measures can be taken to counteract the disease, and what programs of preventative medicine exist to control the incidence and spread of Bordetella Pertussis (Whooping Cough). Finally it will evaluate the effectiveness of such programs using statistical data. For the rest of this report, Bordetella Pertussis will be referred to as Whooping Cough. THE THREE STAGES OF WHOOPING COUGH The disease may be described in three stages, the first stage known as the (Catarrhal Stage). The malady commences as an ordinary attack of bronchitis, with a cold in the head, dry cough, and slight fever. This continues for a week to ten days and this is the most infectious period. It is followed by the (Paroxysmal Stage). In this second stage bronchitis persists, the cough becomes more frequent, especially at night, and it tends to occur in spasms or paroxysms. In a few days the characteristic "Whoop" develops. If a paroxysm of coughing is carefully observed it will be seen to consist of the following stages: - (1) The long inspiration. (2) The series of
Explain the changes that occur in the uterus during the uterine cycle.
Explain the changes that occur in the uterus during the uterine cycle The uterine cycle is a repeating series of changes in the structure of the endometrium. It is also called the menstrual cycle that begins with the menarche at puberty, around the age of 12. The cycle continues until 45-50 years, when menopause occurs. This cycle is only ever interrupted by certain circumstances such a pregnancy, stress or starvation (Martini and Bartholomew 2000). The uterine cycle is normally between 24-35 days varying between individuals (Tortora and Grabowski 2003). It is divided into 4 stages: Menses, Proliferative phase, Ovulation and the Secretory phase. Menses Menstruation lasts for the first 4-6 days of the cycle. It is a result of wholesale destruction of the superficial layer (functional zone) of the endometrium. This occurs as the corpus luteum disintegrates within the ovaries, resulting in declining levels of ovarian hormones i.e. progesterone and oestrogen (Tortora and Grabowski 2003). The decrease in these hormones stimulates the release of prostaglandins that causes the endometrial arteries to constrict, reducing blood flow. Therefore the cells begin to die of oxygen deprivation, and eventually the weakened arterial walls ruptures and blood pours into the connective tissues of the functional zone. The entire functional zone then begins to slough off (Martini and