TEST FOR QUININE

INTRODUCTION Toxicology is the study of harmful effect of drugs and poisons on living things. Forensic toxicology is the scientific study of poison in relations to law in criminal and civil cases; mostly used in criminal justice system cases. The role of Forensic toxicologist is to identify, quantify and confirm the presence of drugs in relevant case materials, i.e. they study the relationship between dose and its effect. A toxicologist is also responsible for the interpretation of drug levels and presenting their opinion court. (Siegel 2007, pg 409) Toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause a deleterious effect when an organism is exposed to it. It is the degree to which a substance is poisonous. Poisonous refer to any substance that can cause injury or have fatal effect when introduced into, or taken up by a living organism. (Hodgson et al, 1998. pg 469) The severity of toxicity produced by a chemical is directly proportional to the exposure of concentration and the time of exposure. Toxicity can either be acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the adverse effects occurring within a relatively short time interval after toxicant exposure (i.e. as short as a few minutes to as long as several days), usually caused by single exposure to the toxicant. In the past, the LD50 or LC50 test was used to test acute toxicity. LD50 (median lethal dose) is the quantity of chemical

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  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Determination of pka of the given drug sample. The importance of pKa is that one can easily conclude how much drug is ionized and unionized. Unionized drug is better absorbed

Determination of pka of the given drug sample INTRODUCTION: Dissociation constant of a drug/compound is commonly refered to as pKa. It is a characteristic of drug. It is the estimation of ionized and unionized drug concentration at a particular pH. It is the pH at which 50% of drug is ionized and 50% is unionized. The dissociation constants of both acidic and basic drugs are expressed by pKa values. The importance of pKa is that one can easily conclude how much drug is ionized and unionized. Unionized drug is better absorbed. pKa can be calculated by following equation. pKa = pH +log(di -d/ d- dm) Where, di = absorbance of the ionized species. d = absorbance of solution tested. dm = absorbance of the unionized species. U.V. spectroscopy is widely used in pKa determination as we know lambda max is different for ionized and unionized drug or we can say that there is great difference between absorbance of ionized and unionized drug at a particular lambda. MATERIALS & METHODS: Materials: Apparatus: 10 ml volumetric flasks, beaker, pipette (10 ml),spatula. Chemicals: 0.2 M Sodium hydroxide, 0.2 boric acid, 0.2 M potassium hydrogen phthalate, 0.2 M hydrochloric acid, 0.2 M potassium chloride, distilled water, test drug. Instruments: Weighing Balance, JASCO UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, pH meter. Preparation of buffers: Following buffers were prepared as per IP

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Optimizing a Windows-Based Computer Data Acquisition and Reduction System for the General Chemistry Laboratory

Optimizing a Windows-Based Computer Data Acquisition and Reduction System for the General Chemistry Laboratory DUE 9652855 Ed Vitz Kutztown University Brenda Egolf Evaluation Specialist Introduction There were three major products of this project: (1) The first is a new version of the LIMSport laboratory manual based on Excel, which is used in all sections of the General Chemistry course at Kutztown University, and Excel? laboratory templates necessary to support it. The original version was based on DOS/Lotus 1-2-3?. A sample chapter has been submitted as a separate file in the Activities Section of this report. (2) Second, we completed a formal assessment of the efficacy of our computer-centered LIMSport Laboratory Program at Kutztown University in an attempt to determine what level of computer prompting is optimal for first year science students. The results of that study are reported below. And Finally, (3) we found it necessary to redesign all of the software, and some of the hardware components of the LIMSport system in response to unanticipated changes by Microsoft? in the Windows? operating system. A copy of an article written for Scientific Computing and Instrumentation, which describes the project and includes acknowledgements of NSF support, is included in the Activities Section of this report. Assessment of LIMSport Curriculum Development Project

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  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Intermolecular forces. In our experiment we want to find out how intermolecular forces are present in our samples, how they interact with each other. We will experiment the relationships between molecular structures and their physical properties: volatili

Name: Vladimir Koloskov Section: Chem 111/102 Date submitted: 09/15/2011 Team member: Jake Harding Experiment #16: Intermolecular Forces-The Relationship Between Physical Properties and Structure Introduction The forces holding molecules together are generally called intermolecular forces. The energy required to break molecules apart is much smaller than a typical bond-energy, but intermolecular forces play important roles in determining the properties of a substances. In our experiment we want to find out how intermolecular forces are present in our samples, how they interact with each other. We will experiment the relationships between molecular structures and their physical properties: volatility, viscosity and solubility. Data Part A: Relative Volatilities of Samples. A. Volatility n-decane n-heptane n-pentane third second first B. Volatility n-butanol ethanol methanol third second first C. Volatility n-butanol Deionized water n-pentane second third first B. Relative Viscosities of Materials. VISCOSITY N- Hexane Deionized water Glycerol Middle Lowest Highest C. Mutual Slubilities of Liquids water ethanol n-hexane n-butyl acetate Ethylene glycol Water - M I I M Ethanol - M M M n-hexane 2 3 - M I n-bytul acetate 4 5 6 - I Ethylene glycol 7 8 9 0 - D. Mutual Solubilities of Liquids sucrose Iodine

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Analysis for sulphate. In this experiment the technique filtration will be used to determine the percentage of sulphate ion in a sample of potassium sulphate of an unknown purity.

Analysis for Sulphate Introduction: This experiment will be using the technique of filtration. In this experiment the technique filtration will be used to determine the percentage of sulphate ion in a sample of potassium sulphate of an unknown purity. Filtration is often used where there a precipitate involved. A precipitate reaction occurs when an ion which is soluble in separate solutions are mixed together to form an insoluble compound that settles out of solution as a solid. The insoluble part is called a precipitate. [1] When Barium Chloride is added to an aqueous solution containing a sulphate ion, barium sulphate is precipitated: Equation of Barium Chloride and an aqueous solution: BaCl2(aq) + (cation) SO4(aq) › BaSO4(s) + (cation) + Cl However as the actions are just spectator ions, you could re write the equation so that the net equation is simply: Net Equation: Ba2+ (soln) + SO42- (aq) › BaSO4 (s) v In this experiment Potassium Sulphate will be used (K2SO4). The K2SO4 however dissolves in after when BaCl2 is added and BaSO4 is left. The solid that is left can be separated by filtering using filter paper. The solid which is left over is known as a residue or a precipitate. The BaSO4 then can be filtered and the filter paper can then thereafter be burned off. The mass of the barium sulphate can be determined from this

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  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Purifying Acetanilide by Recrystallization. The purpose of this experiment is to select a suitable recrystallizing solvent, to be able to purify and separate acetanilide from a mixture by process of recrystallization, and to compare melting points of recr

Purifying Acetanilide by Recrystallization Prelab The purpose of this experiment is to select a suitable recrystallizing solvent, to be able to purify and separate acetanilide from a mixture by process of recrystallization, and to compare melting points of recrystallized and impure acetanilide. It would be beneficial to have prior understanding of how to measure mass in mg, volume in ml, and to measure melting points. Organic compounds that are synthesized in labs or isolated from natural recourses often have been tainted by impurities. Recrystallization is a process that removes these impurities from solid organic compounds that are at room temperature. This process is built on the principle that the solubility of a compound increases with temperature and decreases as it cools down, into its crystal form. Very pure compounds can be made by recrystallization. A small pure seed crystal of the compound forms in the solution as it cools down after being heated. Additional molecules are attached to the crystal in uniform layers, forming a growing crystal lattice. Crystal molecules have a higher affinity for the same kind of molecules than impurities. This process of crystallizing removes one kind of molecule from the solution. Objective: Separate and purify acetanilide from a mixture by recrystallization. Compare the melting points of crude and recrystallized acetanilide.

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  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Experimental applications of Hesss Law

Title: Experimental applications of Hess's Law Objectives: 1) To determine the enthalpy change of reaction, by Hess's law. 2) To study the relationship between change in temperature and enthalpy change. Introduction: A Chemical reaction not only involved in a single steps reaction change also involved in a series of intermediate steps of changing. In this experiment are used the hydrochloric acid react with ammonia aqueous solution and the dissolving of solid ammonium chloride in water to determine the enthalpy change of the reaction. Reaction can be divided to two categories which is exothermic and endothermic reaction. Every reaction involved either exothermic or endothermic reaction. Just a simple example, when water in liquid state change to solid state is involved releases heat (exothermic reaction) in to surrounding. While when water in solid state change to liquid state involved in absorb heat (endothermic reaction) from surrounding. Heats are produce when chemical reactions occur. In this experiment, the system is an isolated system which no exchanges heat and mass with surrounding. Hence, the amount of heat released or absorb from the reaction can be expressed as In this experiment, the container that was used is calorimeter which can assume the heat of container () absorb is very litter as nearly zero. Thus, the equation simplifies to Heat of the solution

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Objective: 1) To perform an acid-alkaline extraction. 2) To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 3) To determine the percent recovery of benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene.

Title: Extraction: Extraction with Acid and Alkaline Objective: 1) To perform an acid-alkaline extraction. 2) To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 3) To determine the percent recovery of benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene. Introduction: This experiment is to use chemical method to separate the organic compounds which convert the mixture compound to be extracted to water soluble and water insoluble salt which is known as acid-base extraction. Extraction involves dissolving compounds either solid or solution into a solvent. Extraction is a chemical operation that is mostly use to separate organic compound which have different properties. To implement this experiment, we are using two solvents which are immiscible to each other. Normally are using ether and aqueous solution so will form two immiscible layers. In this experiment we used 10 per cent sodium hydroxide solution to convert the acid to its salt. All the organic acid undergo similar salt formation with sodium hydroxide solution. Hence, carboxylic acid can be extracted by using sodium hydroxide solution from organic solvent to form sodium carboxylate salt which soluble in water. The aqueous layer is then separate by Separatory funnel and acidified by addition of hydrochloride acid. Hence the sodium carboxylate salt will be converted to the original carboxylic

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Properties of Hydrocarbon

Title: Properties of Hydrocarbons Introduction: Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest form of hydrocarbon is the methane, which have the structure of CH4. The hydrocarbons can be divided into two groups that are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon. The saturated hydrocarbons are the compounds in which all the bonds of the carbon contain single bond and all the carbons are filled with 4 bonds that are attached to other atoms. The single bond consists of a sigma bond. The saturated hydrocarbon is also known as alkane, which belongs to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a constant relative molecular mass of 14. The chemical formula is Cn-H (2n+2), where n is the total number of carbons. The compound is said to be saturated when they follow Cn-H (2n+2), which is to say there are no double bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbon, unlike saturated hydrocarbons, contain one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds such as double bonds, triple bonds, or both. Instead of C – C, it contains C = C or C = C. These compounds rose due to the loss of two hydrogens because the carbons can only have four total bonds to it. Unsaturated carbons are also called alkenes or olefins with a general formula of Cn-H2n. In contrast to alkane, the bond consists of one sigma and one pi bond. Hydrocarbon can also be

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The purpose of this experiment was to determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction between iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) through the use of spectrophotometry.

Spectrophotometric Determination of the Equilibrium Constant of a Reaction Angelica Seribo Baluyut Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines ABSTRACT ________________ The purpose of this experiment was to determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction between iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) through the use of spectrophotometry. Five different standard solutions were prepared and their respective absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer. From the results, a calibration curve was plotted and the equilibrium concentrations of the blood-red complex, FeSCN2+ in the five unknown solutions were attained. The relationship between the equilibrium concentration and the absorbance was studied. Through further computations, the equilibrium concentrations of the iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) were calculated and were plugged in the equilibrium expression. An equilibrium constant of 254 was found. Compared to the literature value of 890[1], there was a 71.46% difference. Although a high percentage error was obtained, the result was enough to verify that spectrophotometry is an effective way of calculating the equilibrium constant of a

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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