"Subglacial Drainage is now recognised as one of the most important branches of Glaciology". Evaluate This Statement.
"Subglacial Drainage is now recognised as one of the most important branches of Glaciology". Evaluate This Statement. "The hydrological component of glacial systems is of great significance to the description and flow regime of glaciers" (Iken, 1981) in turn relating to many human interests. Water supplies in Central Asia and the Canadian highlands depend upon glacial drainage for much of the year for irrigation purposes. In Alpine glaciated regions such as the Swiss and French Alps and Norway, relying on such concentrated water systems is essential for hydroelectric power. Knowledge of glacial drainage also seems essential to calculate sudden drainage events or outburst floods from ice dams, which have threatened areas of Peru, Iceland and Alaska for centuries. Sub glacial drainage also influences basal flow, which feeds back to manipulate glacier motion and therefore provides feasible explanations for flow dynamics and surge events. It is this subglacial component of glacial water that provides the hub for this paper; specifically the importance of sub glacial drainage with respect to glacier motion. Subglacial drainage will also be looked at from its two fundamental distinctions; 'discrete' and 'distributed'. In the former, water is confined to a few channels or conduits, whereas distributed systems transport water over the whole of, or a large proportion of the bed.
Environmental Education Grants Program in Australia.
ENVIRONMENTAL Australia is the sixth largest country in the world and has a population of 19 million people. It is about the same geographic size as the 48 mainland states of the USA and 50% larger than Europe. The Australia environment is unique. From un-spoilt beaches, tropical rainforests, rugged mountain ranges and vast tracts of desert, it is a country of contrasts. Most of Australia receives more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. The environmental impacts of tourism are a serious problem and visible concern such as land clearing and destruction of habitats, pollution of the air and waterways, pressure on landfills and noise pollution primarily associated with motor vehicles and aircrafts. Australia's natural wonder is Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is as big as the total combined area of the UK and Ireland. But tourist's thoughtless to destruct of Coral Reef for souvenir. One clear message form the case is that dryland salinity and water scarcity have arisen in Australia. As water scarcity is worsened by climate variability, Australia places a very high priority on cooperative action on climate change and related issues in the Pacific region. Australia signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCC) in June 1992 and ratified it in December 1992. UNFCC arose from increasing international concern about the
Environmental Taxes
Environmental taxes refer to the long-term economic, social and environmental gains and increase the incentives to protect the global environmental. (Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005) [Online]. It is also known as tax shift, green tax reform and ecological taxing (Hanno Beck et.el, 1998) [Online]. The tax revenue collected from the people and business commercial are transfer into the inquisition policy tool that used to increase the quality of environment, reduce the demands and expenditure, increase more beneficial activities to society and welfare and promote the innovation (Hanno Beck et.el, 1998) [Online]. Tax shift is a tool that with the intention of encouraging the sustainable activities and discouraging environmentally damaging behaviour and improve the overall the tax equity (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. The ideas are based on current economic trend, which fail to account the environmental damages because sending incorrect price signal, and the tax system creates counterproductive incentives (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. Tax shift are trying solution to reduce the level of taxes on production activities and increase the level of taxes on unproductive activities such as pollution, consumption product in order to promote the tax equity (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. Most of environmental taxes are
Cultural Perceptions of the Wolf
Daniel Strauss Section 306 10/4/10 Envir 113 Paper #1 Paper Topic: Analyze the differences between the various perceptions of wolves from culture to culture by examining all the religious beliefs, social customs and traditions, as well as economic pressures that reflect contrasting projections of wolves between separate cultures. Explain what the conflicting portrayals of wolves reveal about the changing attitudes towards the relationship between humans and nature from one culture to the next. No single explanation exists for the varying perceptions and portrayals of wolves between the European and Native American cultures during the Middle Ages and early European settlement in America. Modern-day Americans find it easy to blame one side, specifically the Europeans, for the vengeful destruction of a national wildlife heritage. However, the religious, social, and economic differences between the two cultures at the time explain the underlying motives. As Lopez puts it, "We forget how little, really, separates us from the times and circumstances in which we, too, would have killed wolves" (Lopez, 138). Each culture, defined by their own set of customs and traditions, viewed not just the wolf but nature as a whole, in very different lights. The wolf has been a symbol of great respect and honor as well as a demonic symbol of hatred and persecution. While the Europeans saw
Ocean services - the companys current activities, legislative requirements and any possible impacts on the environment.
Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE 3 SCOPE 3 RELEVANT POLICY AND LEGISLATION 4 International Conventions 4 Commonwealth Legislation and Regulations 6 Marine Orders 7 CONSEQUENCES OF OPERATIONS 8 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PLANNING 11 Pollution Impact Upon Water 12 MONITORING THE PROGRAM. 15 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT 16 ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION 16 SUMMARY 18 REFERENCES 19 FOREWORD Any activity in the maritime area has the potential to impact directly upon its immediate area and can collaterally damage other sections of the environment. For example, the introduction of an alien species in something as simple as ballast water may end up destroying an entire ecosystem. From a commercial sense, the advantages of adopting sound environmental responsibility range from reducing the chance of incurring hefty fines or costs involved in clean up operations, to assisting in the development of new partnerships with like minded organisations. Assuming a greater role as an advocate can pay bigger dividends by helping an organisation have a greater influence upon its activities and assist in continuing current and future activities. INTRODUCTION Ocean Services is a small company that provides practical seagoing experience and training in seamanship, navigation and shipboard life. Ocean operations are conducted onboard the MV Star, a
health promotion smoking
Health promotion is the process of promoting health it enables the local population to be aware of policies and to promote the improvement in the standard of living. There are many added values of health awareness policies and iniatives. Health promotion enables people to take control and be aware in order to improve health. It is important for a person to reach a state of mind were he is able to identify and be able to cope with the environment to satisfy and to change. Eliminating and solving disease does not necessarily mean that you have created health and happiness. Individuals would respond to the expression of health and happiness and respond to challenge they meet in every day life. There are different models of health promotion. Individuals have to clarify their own aim and value. Associations or organisations promoting health use an approach, which is suited to their career. Careful considerations take place because it has to facilitate the clients need. In order to do this assessments are taken to ensure that the client is receiving the right help. In 1958 Doll and Hill proved that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer. Doll and Hill found that smoking can cause cancer of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, coronary artery disease and others. In the U.S.A research on smoking was done on a large scale. It was convincing to see the statistics from these cohort
Explain what accountants mean by environmental accounting and illustrate the importance of the role of environmental performance indicators.
Explain what accountants mean by environmental accounting and illustrate the importance of the role of environmental performance indicators. Gray, (2001) States that, 'to what extent can the privileged minority of the worlds population continue to enjoy life of rising luxury whilst the planets eco-systems collapse.' This comment is perfectly introduces the concept of environmental accounting which takes into account the effect on the environment of the organisations actions, and therefore adjust there financial figures to reflect this, as Emery (2002) states, most organisations have an environmental impact of some kind, therefore environmental accounting has become evidently essential in contemporary society. The roots of environmental accounting come from the concept of corporate social responsibility, which emerged in the 1960s, Glautier (2001). Firms are encouraged to take account and address the impacts, which they have on their external environment. Ecological and social externalities are the most common aspect of these, these are not included in the companies' financial statements, but have both positive and negative impacts on the company's external environment. Environmental accounting tries to put a monetary value on them in order to include them in the company's financial records. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental accounting as
Definitions of the Different Personality Types
Definitions of the Different Personality Types The Realistic Type (R) This personality type shows a definite preference for working with objects, tools and machinery. This leads to the mastering of manual skills, i.e. skills of a mechanical, agricultural, electrical and technical nature. As this personality type usually shows a clear aversion to educational, intellectual, social and creative activities, a lack of social, educational and verbal skills may be experienced. This type prefers occupations such as those of electricians, aircraft mechanics, plumbers, toolmakers, farmers and draughtsmen. The Investigative Type (I) The investigative type is characterised by a preference for the systematic investigation of the physical, biological and cultural phenomena. Consequently this leads to the mastery of scientific and mathematical skills. Careers preferred by the investigative type inter alia include those of physicist, biologist, mathematician, anthropologist and chemist. The Artistic Type (A) This type shows a preference for achieving his or her creativity in a free environment. This usually leads to mastery of artistic skills, irrespective of whether they relate to language, art, music or drama. Occupations relating to this type include those of actor/actress, interior decorator, musician and journal. The Social Type (S) The social type shows a definite preference for
Do you consider intelligence to have a stronger genetic or environmental basis?
Do you consider intelligence to have a stronger genetic or environmental basis? Since the term nature-nurture was first initiated by Galton (1883, c.f. Plomin, 1988) the question of whether intelligence has a stronger environmental or genetic basis has been the source of much controversy and debate (Bouchard., Lykken., McGue., Segal., & Tallegen, 1990a, 1991., Bouchard & McGue, 1981., Hernstein & Murray, 1994., Plomin, 1988., Scarr 1997). Traditionally, research into intelligence has been diverged by two opposing positions; Behavioural Genetic Theory and Socialization Theory (Scarr, 1997). Whilst Socialization theory provides useful insights into the qualitative nature of differences in behaviour and intelligence, methods used by such research are criticised as being "antiquated" and "confounded" (Scarr, 1997, p.34) hampered by their inability to include genetically informative designs (Baumrind, 1993., Hoffman, 1991., Scarr, 1997). Behavioural genetic theory on the other hand not only describes the genetic contribution on intelligence (Bouchard & McGue, 1981., Bouchard et al., 1990a, 1991) it also emphasizes the importance of environmental influences which provides a crucial explanation for the major source of variation in behaviour (Eysenck., & Fulkner, 1983., Loehlin & Nicholls, 1976, c.f. Plomin, 1988., Plomin, Loehlin, & Defries, 1985, Plomin & Daniels, 1987., Scarr,
Compare and Contrast the use of setting in at least two of the texts you have examined this semester
Compare and Contrast the use of setting in at least two of the texts you have examined this semester. Twentieth Century Fiction brought about change in literary methods and the development of different narrative styles. Modernism a term that came in to use, since the second world war, challenges traditional concepts of story and plot, and brings about questioning, looking for meaning and truth. The Modernist novel delves in to the sub conscious minds of its characters, bringing about techniques such as 'stream of consciousness'. Post Modernism celebrates the modern world rather than question it, rejecting the idea of truth and meaning. It rejects grand narratives and explores the extreme, mixing fantasy with what is real; this is seen in the technique 'Magic Realism'. Some Twentieth Century Fiction, in particular Modernism and Post Modernism present human beings alienated from their environment. This essay will explore the use of setting in two Twentieth Century novels, 'The Magic Toyshop', (1969) by Angela Carter, which is a form of post modernist writing and 'Love on the Dole', (1933) by Walter Greenwood, which can be classed as Modernism. The setting of the novel can be very important in social and historical factors, depicting the mood of the environment the novel takes place and how it relates to the story being told. Walter Greenwood sets his novel 'Love on the