"Subglacial Drainage is now recognised as one of the most important branches of Glaciology". Evaluate This Statement.

"Subglacial Drainage is now recognised as one of the most important branches of Glaciology". Evaluate This Statement. "The hydrological component of glacial systems is of great significance to the description and flow regime of glaciers" (Iken, 1981) in turn relating to many human interests. Water supplies in Central Asia and the Canadian highlands depend upon glacial drainage for much of the year for irrigation purposes. In Alpine glaciated regions such as the Swiss and French Alps and Norway, relying on such concentrated water systems is essential for hydroelectric power. Knowledge of glacial drainage also seems essential to calculate sudden drainage events or outburst floods from ice dams, which have threatened areas of Peru, Iceland and Alaska for centuries. Sub glacial drainage also influences basal flow, which feeds back to manipulate glacier motion and therefore provides feasible explanations for flow dynamics and surge events. It is this subglacial component of glacial water that provides the hub for this paper; specifically the importance of sub glacial drainage with respect to glacier motion. Subglacial drainage will also be looked at from its two fundamental distinctions; 'discrete' and 'distributed'. In the former, water is confined to a few channels or conduits, whereas distributed systems transport water over the whole of, or a large proportion of the bed.

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Describe The Concept Of Oxidation Levels And Discuss The Use Of Oxidising And Reducing Agents For The Modification Of Functional Groups In Organic Chemistry.

Describe The Concept Of Oxidation Levels And Discuss The Use Of Oxidising And Reducing Agents For The Modification Of Functional Groups In Organic Chemistry. The majority of the reactions of organic compounds, which involve conversion of one type to another, can be classified as oxidation or reduction. This conclusion can be justified on the basis of the definitions of the terms, oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons and reduction as a gain of electrons. Other definitions have been formulated which deal with such concepts as oxidation involving removal of hydrogen to form multiple bonds or to make new bonds between carbon and a more electronegative element, and reduction involving reactions in which carbon forms new bonds to hydrogen. It is harder to define oxidation as a loss of electrons in organic compounds compared with metals. In oxidation and reduction of metals, the electronic changes involve transfer, and thus a true net loss or gain of electrons. In covalently bonded compounds, such as the compounds of carbon, such electron transfers do not usually occur. Instead, the carbon atom, even though it retains a covalency of four, changed markedly in the degree of control it exerts over the covalently bound electrons. Thus, it may be that when the electron density about a carbon atom decreases, it has undergone oxidation, and conversely an

  • Word count: 3867
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Environmental Education Grants Program in Australia.

ENVIRONMENTAL Australia is the sixth largest country in the world and has a population of 19 million people. It is about the same geographic size as the 48 mainland states of the USA and 50% larger than Europe. The Australia environment is unique. From un-spoilt beaches, tropical rainforests, rugged mountain ranges and vast tracts of desert, it is a country of contrasts. Most of Australia receives more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. The environmental impacts of tourism are a serious problem and visible concern such as land clearing and destruction of habitats, pollution of the air and waterways, pressure on landfills and noise pollution primarily associated with motor vehicles and aircrafts. Australia's natural wonder is Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is as big as the total combined area of the UK and Ireland. But tourist's thoughtless to destruct of Coral Reef for souvenir. One clear message form the case is that dryland salinity and water scarcity have arisen in Australia. As water scarcity is worsened by climate variability, Australia places a very high priority on cooperative action on climate change and related issues in the Pacific region. Australia signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCC) in June 1992 and ratified it in December 1992. UNFCC arose from increasing international concern about the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Environmental Taxes

Environmental taxes refer to the long-term economic, social and environmental gains and increase the incentives to protect the global environmental. (Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005) [Online]. It is also known as tax shift, green tax reform and ecological taxing (Hanno Beck et.el, 1998) [Online]. The tax revenue collected from the people and business commercial are transfer into the inquisition policy tool that used to increase the quality of environment, reduce the demands and expenditure, increase more beneficial activities to society and welfare and promote the innovation (Hanno Beck et.el, 1998) [Online]. Tax shift is a tool that with the intention of encouraging the sustainable activities and discouraging environmentally damaging behaviour and improve the overall the tax equity (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. The ideas are based on current economic trend, which fail to account the environmental damages because sending incorrect price signal, and the tax system creates counterproductive incentives (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. Tax shift are trying solution to reduce the level of taxes on production activities and increase the level of taxes on unproductive activities such as pollution, consumption product in order to promote the tax equity (Mainewatch Institute, no date) [Online]. Most of environmental taxes are

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Cultural Perceptions of the Wolf

Daniel Strauss Section 306 10/4/10 Envir 113 Paper #1 Paper Topic: Analyze the differences between the various perceptions of wolves from culture to culture by examining all the religious beliefs, social customs and traditions, as well as economic pressures that reflect contrasting projections of wolves between separate cultures. Explain what the conflicting portrayals of wolves reveal about the changing attitudes towards the relationship between humans and nature from one culture to the next. No single explanation exists for the varying perceptions and portrayals of wolves between the European and Native American cultures during the Middle Ages and early European settlement in America. Modern-day Americans find it easy to blame one side, specifically the Europeans, for the vengeful destruction of a national wildlife heritage. However, the religious, social, and economic differences between the two cultures at the time explain the underlying motives. As Lopez puts it, "We forget how little, really, separates us from the times and circumstances in which we, too, would have killed wolves" (Lopez, 138). Each culture, defined by their own set of customs and traditions, viewed not just the wolf but nature as a whole, in very different lights. The wolf has been a symbol of great respect and honor as well as a demonic symbol of hatred and persecution. While the Europeans saw

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Compare wave and particle theory. In which circumstances is each one used.

Compare wave and particle theory. In which circumstances is each one used. The understanding of light has developed mainly since the 1600's. In 1666, Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of all colours. Using a prism, he found that each colour in a beam of white light could be separated. Newton proposed the theory that light consists of tiny particles that travel in straight lines through space. He called these particles corpuscles, and his theory became known as the corpuscular theory. About the same time that Newton proposed his theory of light, the Dutch physicist and astronomer Christiaan Huygens suggested that light consists of waves. He proposed the wave theory to explain the behaviour of light. The corpuscular and wave theories appear to be completely opposite, and scientists argued about them for about 100 years. Then, in the early 1800's, the English physicist Thomas Young demonstrated the interference of light. He showed that two light beams cancel each other under certain conditions. As it is hard to understand how interference could occur with particles, most scientists accepted Young's experiment as proof of the wave theory of light. In 1901 Max Planck found a formula, which was correct for all wavelengths. Planck's formulation fitted the precisely determined spectrographic data then with great accuracy. E = h f where h is the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Calorimetry. The aim of the experiment is to determine the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction with the use of an improvised calorimeter.

Experiment 1: Calorimetry Efreihm Jovi T. de Guzman Kristiene B. Sadiwa Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Results and Discussion The aim of the experiment is to determine the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction with the use of an improvised calorimeter. The calorimeter was calibrated by allowing 10.0 mL NaOH to react with 5.00 mL HCl. In this reaction, ?T has been acquired and is used in the equation to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter. qcal can also be determined using the formula in which m was calculated using stoichiometry and c is the specific heat of the product, water, which is equivalent to 4.18 Jg-1°C-1. qrxn can then be determined from qcal, given by the formula since the qsystem is equal to zero in an adiabatic system. After the calibration, ?T from different reaction systems have been measured to determine the ?Hrxn. The number of moles of the limiting reactant is determined and is used in the equation to calculate for heat of reaction. In reactions involving solids, the solid reactants or products may absorb the heat from the reaction. To account for that event, the following formula is used: After computing for ?Hrxn, the results show that all the reactions were exothermic. Percent error was calculated to determine whether the results were accurate or not. Percent

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Analysis of an unknown base. In this experiment will we prepare a primary standard acid of KHP (potassium acid phthalate), which is a monoprotic acid, which means it only has one equivalence point. It was chosen because it has a fast reaction with most

Analytical Chemistry 2080 Experiment #2: Analysis of an unknown base. Name: Elizabeth Conway TA: Anna Date performed: Wednesday September 26th 2007 Date Due: Wednesday, October 3rd 2007 Unknown #: 176 Experiment #2: Analysis of an Unknown base. Introduction: In this experiment will we prepare a primary standard acid of KHP (potassium acid phthalate), which is a monoprotic acid, which means it only has one equivalence point. It was chosen because it has a fast reaction with most bases. When determining normality of a base, a standard acid solution (KHP) is used through the acid-base reaction: HA + B¯ › HB + A+ Since HB is a weaker acid then KHP in this case, the reaction goes quickly into completion, eventually achieving its end-point. The end-point is detected with phenolphthalein, an acid-base indicator. The end point is when the pKa is ideally the same as the pH, which means that the standard titrimetric equation of stoichiometry can be used to find the concentration of the unknown: Va * Na = Vb * Nb Where, Va is equal to the volume of the Standard KHP added to the unknown to reach the equivalence point, Na is equal to the Normality of the Standard KHP, Vb is equal to the volume of the unknown and Nb is the Normality of the unknown. The equivalence point is when the amount of KHP is added is equal to the amount of analyte present in to unknown

  • Word count: 1111
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Ocean services - the companys current activities, legislative requirements and any possible impacts on the environment.

Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE 3 SCOPE 3 RELEVANT POLICY AND LEGISLATION 4 International Conventions 4 Commonwealth Legislation and Regulations 6 Marine Orders 7 CONSEQUENCES OF OPERATIONS 8 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PLANNING 11 Pollution Impact Upon Water 12 MONITORING THE PROGRAM. 15 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT 16 ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION 16 SUMMARY 18 REFERENCES 19 FOREWORD Any activity in the maritime area has the potential to impact directly upon its immediate area and can collaterally damage other sections of the environment. For example, the introduction of an alien species in something as simple as ballast water may end up destroying an entire ecosystem. From a commercial sense, the advantages of adopting sound environmental responsibility range from reducing the chance of incurring hefty fines or costs involved in clean up operations, to assisting in the development of new partnerships with like minded organisations. Assuming a greater role as an advocate can pay bigger dividends by helping an organisation have a greater influence upon its activities and assist in continuing current and future activities. INTRODUCTION Ocean Services is a small company that provides practical seagoing experience and training in seamanship, navigation and shipboard life. Ocean operations are conducted onboard the MV Star, a

  • Word count: 3461
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Spectrochemical Series of Some d-block Transition Metal Complexes. The spectrochemical series of the ligands for Cu(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) ions were constructed by visual inspection and spectral analysis of the transition metal complexes. Results show tha

Spectrochemical Series of Some d-block Transition Metal Complexes Jerick Imbao* Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan Avenue, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines Date Experiment Completed: July 5, 2011 Date Report Submitted: July 19, 2011 KEYWORDS: Spectrochemical series, Co, Ni, Cu, transition metals ABSTRACT: The spectrochemical series of the ligands for Cu(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) ions were constructed by visual inspection and spectral analysis of the transition metal complexes. Results show that ethylenediamine is the strongest ligand while the trend oxalate < pyridine < NH3 has been consistently observed. This agrees with the fact that nitrogen-donor ligands are stronger than oxygen-donor ligands. INTRODUCTION Having partially filled d orbitals, transition metals have a wide range of oxidation states and form coordination compounds that are relatively more stable than other metals and metalloids. All metallic and metalloid elements create coordination compounds but they are most stable among the transition elements.1 Coordination compounds are produced when groups of ions, atoms or molecules chemically bond with each other by accepting or donating pairs of electrons. Metal cations act as Lewis acids which accept electron while the groups that donate electron pairs are called ligands which act as Lewis bases.2 Interestingly,

  • Word count: 1981
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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