Azo Dyes
Preface People usually ignore what is meant to be normal to them. This is the same as for food additives. We usually do not bother what is being added into our food as long as it is delicious. However, different food additives have different health effect on human health. This report is going to focus on food colouring and its impact on human health and its social importance. Table of Contents Page List of Figures and Tables 3 .0 Introduction 4 History of azo dyes 5 2.0 Chemical part of the topic 2.1 Coupling Reaction 5 2.2 The Molecular Structure of Azo Dyes 7 3.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of Azo Dye 3.1 The Application of Azo Dye 8 3.2 The Downside of Azo Dyes 9 4.0 Current development of azo dye around the world 4.1 Food Act 1983 (Act 281) & Regulations in Malaysia 11 4.2 Types of banned azo dyes in major industrialised countries 11 5.0 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 Appendix I 14 References List of Figures and Tables Page Figure 1: The History Development of Azo Dye 5 Figure 2.1.1: The products of reaction between (1) diazonium ion and phenol (2) diazonium ion and 2- naphthol 6 Table 2.1.2: Structures of Azo Dye and Its Properties 6 Figure 2.2.1: Tartrazine 7 Figure 2.2.2: Brilliant Black 7 Table 3.1.1: Use of
Determination of acid concentration in gastric juice
Determination Of The Concentration Of Acid In Gastric Juice Introduction: In this experiment, I will be able to carry out a technique known as titration. The experimental titration is used to find out how accurately how much a chemical substance is dissolved in a given volume of a solution, that is the concentration of the solution. The aim of this particular experiment is to revise the use of pipettes and burettes and titrations by the determination of the concentration of hydrochloric acid in an unknown solution and also reinforce the concept of molarity hence I will be using the method titration. This particular method is suitable for our aim because it will allow us to obtain results which enables us to determine the molarity of a solution of sodium hydroxide against our two separate standards. The equation I will be looking at is: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) › NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Acid Base Salt Water The reaction is an acid-base reaction which involves the transfer of protons. Acid-base reactions are also known as neutralisation reacrions. The compound formed by the cation of the base and the anion of the salt. When using the indicator, phenolphthalein, the colour will change to light pink. A colour change will occur when the end-poit of a titration is e=reached. The reaction states that 1 molecule of NaOH to produce 1 molecule of salt, in this
An Introduction to Solids and their Properties
An Introduction to Solids and their Properties In this piece of work I will learn how particle models can show the difference between solids, liquids and gases and look at the properties and theories about the models. Then I will investigate further into what a physical change is and also what a geological change is. The States of Matter There are 4 states of matter. Matter is basically stuff that takes up space, without it the universe would be nothing, and wouldn't exist. Matter is made up of many particles and can be found in many different states. These states or 'phases' can very depending on the temperature or pressure acting on the particles, and often change state. Many people believe there are 3, but scientifically speaking there are 4 different states of matter. The main 3 are solids, liquid and gases, and the 4th one- which is a rare state of matter- is plasma. We don't get plasma that much in everyday life so that's why its often neglected and its taught that there are 3 states of matter. Here are more detailed definitions of solids, liquids, and gases and about their particles: * Solids- Solids are basically solid substances. The particles in a solid are packed very tightly together, and are touching each other. The particles are vibrating slightly, even though it is a completely solid substance, as the solid is so tightly packed together the particles cannot
To determine the solubility of calcium hydroxide.
Aim: To determine the solubility of calcium hydroxide Introduction and definitions Titration is an analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of another solution. Because titration is an analytical technique, the proper method must be used if you are going to get meaningful quantitative results. A titration is a process in which a measured volume of a solution is added to a reaction mixture until some observable property has changed. An acid/base titration uses the fact that one can be "neutralized" with the other. In this neutralization reaction, the acid and base will combine to produce a salt plus water. When done correctly, the resulting solution will be "neutral" neither acid nor base. In a titration, this is known as the end point. The change in pH of the solution can be monitored using an indicator. It is extremely important that the exact amounts of each solution used be known at the end point. A neutralisation reaction is the process in which the acidity or alkalinity of a substance is destroyed. Destroying acidity means removing the H+ (aq) ions by reaction with a base. Destroying alkalinity means removing the OH- (aq) ions by reaction with an acid. The acid and alkali particles must be in exactly equal amounts to get a perfectly neutral solution. Neutralisation Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water H+(aq) + OH- (aq) = H20
health promotion smoking
Health promotion is the process of promoting health it enables the local population to be aware of policies and to promote the improvement in the standard of living. There are many added values of health awareness policies and iniatives. Health promotion enables people to take control and be aware in order to improve health. It is important for a person to reach a state of mind were he is able to identify and be able to cope with the environment to satisfy and to change. Eliminating and solving disease does not necessarily mean that you have created health and happiness. Individuals would respond to the expression of health and happiness and respond to challenge they meet in every day life. There are different models of health promotion. Individuals have to clarify their own aim and value. Associations or organisations promoting health use an approach, which is suited to their career. Careful considerations take place because it has to facilitate the clients need. In order to do this assessments are taken to ensure that the client is receiving the right help. In 1958 Doll and Hill proved that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer. Doll and Hill found that smoking can cause cancer of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, coronary artery disease and others. In the U.S.A research on smoking was done on a large scale. It was convincing to see the statistics from these cohort
Exploring the Variable Luminosity of Star Systems.
Exploring the Variable Luminosity of a Star System "...variable stars have attracted the interest of amateur and professional astronomers alike for many decades." [1] When we look at the Universe we find that there are a seemingly innumerate number of stars, which vary in size, colour and luminosity. These variations are often due to the mass of the star, or what stage the star is in its lifetime. As a star ages its mass and luminosity will change, over periods of millions of years. However, when we look at stars in the night sky we find that a minority vary their luminosity over a period of days to a few weeks. These particular stars are catalogued as Variable Stars i.e. stars which vary in brightness. This can then be measured and be given a numerical value, in which we can compare the data, over a period of a few nights. If a variable star is close enough, then it is actually possible to visually see the difference. Variable stars are classified into two main categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. It is classified as extrinsic if the variability is caused by external factors; often binary stars or large planets, which eclipse the light in the star system. The intrinsic classification is given to stars that physically change or where a stellar event occurs, such as a stellar flare. [2]
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Basic Principles XPS uses soft X rays (200-2000eV) radiation to examine core levels. It is based on a single photon in/electron out process. "Photoelectron spectroscopy involves the ejection of electrons from atoms or molecules following bombardment by monochromatic photons", (Hollas, J. M., 1998, p426). X rays are used to remove the core electrons. The photon is absorbed by an atom in a molecule or solid, leading to ionization and the emission of a core (inner shell) electron. This can be represented by the equation below - A + h? A+ + e- The energy of the photons is high enough to ionise core level electrons. The core ionisation energies are characteristic of the individual atom. As electron only in the first few nanometres of the surface are emitted and contribute to XP spectra peaks, this gives rise to surface selectivity. Even though the x-rays may penetrate deeply to produce photoelectrons, most of these electrons lose energy in numerous inelastic collisions. This causes only a few monolayers to give undistorted photoelectron spectra, (www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/6367/esca1.htm, 3/10/03). Surface sensitivity ranges from 10-1 to 100 monolayer for XPS. XPS is more sensitive to core levels than to valence-band electrons, (Ibach, H. & Roy, D., 1977, p10). Binding energies The core electron of an element has a
Lewis Acid-Base, Molecular Modeling and Isotopic Labeling. The objective of this experiment is to analyze and compare infrared spectroscopy to characterize the two adducts formed in the laboratory, H3B-NH2(C4H9) and D3B-NH2(C4H9). Changes in the spectra d
Lewis Acid-Base, Molecular Modeling and Isotopic Labeling Introduction The objective of this experiment is to analyze and compare infrared spectroscopy to characterize the two adducts formed in the laboratory, H3B-NH2(C4H9) and D3B-NH2(C4H9). Changes in the spectra due to isotopic labeling will be noted and compared to values calculated using the equation . According to Hooke's law, V(x) = 1/22kx, the stretching frequency of a diatomic bond in a molecule is related to the mass, m, and the force constant of the bond, k, by the formula1 where k is the force constant, ? is the frequency of the stretching vibration and, where MA is the mass of one atom and MB is the mass of the second atom; this is known as the reduced mass. In Hooke's law it is shown that the frequency for a stretching vibration would change if one of the atoms were replaced with an atom of a different mass (such as an isotope) or if the bond strength were changed. A reasonable estimation of the changed IR band can be determined using the diatomic molecule vibration frequency model2 where ? is the vibrational frequency of the stretching bond and µ=, which is the reduced mass. If the ratio of the reduced masses of the original diatomic bond and the isotopic diatomic bond is greater than 1, the isotope replacement will cause vibrational frequency wavenumbers to increase (shift to the left); if it is less
Explain what accountants mean by environmental accounting and illustrate the importance of the role of environmental performance indicators.
Explain what accountants mean by environmental accounting and illustrate the importance of the role of environmental performance indicators. Gray, (2001) States that, 'to what extent can the privileged minority of the worlds population continue to enjoy life of rising luxury whilst the planets eco-systems collapse.' This comment is perfectly introduces the concept of environmental accounting which takes into account the effect on the environment of the organisations actions, and therefore adjust there financial figures to reflect this, as Emery (2002) states, most organisations have an environmental impact of some kind, therefore environmental accounting has become evidently essential in contemporary society. The roots of environmental accounting come from the concept of corporate social responsibility, which emerged in the 1960s, Glautier (2001). Firms are encouraged to take account and address the impacts, which they have on their external environment. Ecological and social externalities are the most common aspect of these, these are not included in the companies' financial statements, but have both positive and negative impacts on the company's external environment. Environmental accounting tries to put a monetary value on them in order to include them in the company's financial records. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental accounting as
Definitions of the Different Personality Types
Definitions of the Different Personality Types The Realistic Type (R) This personality type shows a definite preference for working with objects, tools and machinery. This leads to the mastering of manual skills, i.e. skills of a mechanical, agricultural, electrical and technical nature. As this personality type usually shows a clear aversion to educational, intellectual, social and creative activities, a lack of social, educational and verbal skills may be experienced. This type prefers occupations such as those of electricians, aircraft mechanics, plumbers, toolmakers, farmers and draughtsmen. The Investigative Type (I) The investigative type is characterised by a preference for the systematic investigation of the physical, biological and cultural phenomena. Consequently this leads to the mastery of scientific and mathematical skills. Careers preferred by the investigative type inter alia include those of physicist, biologist, mathematician, anthropologist and chemist. The Artistic Type (A) This type shows a preference for achieving his or her creativity in a free environment. This usually leads to mastery of artistic skills, irrespective of whether they relate to language, art, music or drama. Occupations relating to this type include those of actor/actress, interior decorator, musician and journal. The Social Type (S) The social type shows a definite preference for
