Kyoto Protocol.

Kyoto Protocol Life on earth is possible now because of a natural greenhouse effect in which the earth's atmosphere traps outgoing emission, thus causing the overall temperature of the earth to be much more warmer than it would be without the greenhouse. Climate change is not just an environmental issue. It also has aspects related to the economy, social and government. In addition, it raises concerns among generations, nations and regions of the world. The policies of the global climate change negotiations have led to an international agreement, called the Kyoto Protocol. This essay is about the perceptions from the scientists' point of view towards the agreement. As the world is getting more developed, human economic activities are having a distinct impact on the climate, which, will then lead to other impacts for the world's citizens and also ecosystems. News has been said that the global climate has been warming for the past number of years. The gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect are called "greenhouse gases and include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and ozone. Of these, the most prevalent human-produced gas is carbon dioxide, whose source is primarily the burning of fossil fuels" (Richard C. Rhodes) such as from vehicles and factories. Air-condition and refrigerator is widely used nowadays as this

  • Word count: 690
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Atmospheric pollution

Atmospheric pollution Introduction Traditional problems related to atmospheric pollution concerned the immediate impact of industrial/domestic processes on the local environment. Very often this meant the impact of smoke resulting from the burning of coal or in earlier times wood. This aspect of atmospheric pollution is important: the average adult male has a daily consumption of: * 1.2 kg food; * 2 kg water; * 13.5 kg air. Problems are not only the preserve of the modern era. In the early 14th century, Edward I ('Hammer of the Scots') forbade coal burning in London while parliament, allegedly on pain of death, although it may have been a severe fine. Eye irritation was first complained of in LA in 1868. Major problems from smog (smoke+fog) were evident in London from the 19th century. This problem arose form the smoke created in the burning of bituminous coal (rich in tarry hydrocarbons; burns readily with a smoky yellow flame) combined with humid conditions. The smoke acted as condensation nuclei for the moisture resulting in thick heavy smog. Below is an extract from the public records office (http://www.pro.gov.uk/inthenews/pollution/pollution2.htm) In 1954 the Committee on Air Pollution under the chairmanship of Sir Hugh Beaver reported after working for 21 months. In December 1952 London had suffered a serious smog problem resulting in 4000 deaths. The

  • Word count: 1332
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Atomic structure.

AS CHEMISTRY MODULE 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Easy Stuff * Matter is made up of atoms * All atoms of one element are of the same kind. * A compound contains atoms of two or more elements combined in fixed proportions. * Atoms are very small * Atoms are composed of sub-atomic particles; protons, neutrons and electrons The History The electron The electron was the first particle to be discovered by J J Thomson, who was looking into passing an electric current through gases. At the positive end of the tube a glow was visible. This glow could be deflected by both electric and magnetic fields, suggesting that there were rays of negative particles travelling from the cathode to the anode. These particles are obviously electrons. Thomson went on to suggest that atoms were like plum puddings with negative electrons embedded in a sphere of positive charge like the currants in a plum pudding. This was disproved by the Geiger-Marsden experiment, which involved measuring the deflection of alpha particles that were directed at a thin gold foil. The pudding model suggests that these particles would pass through the foil almost undeflected. However Geiger and Marsden found that, although most of them did this, some bounced back. Picture This gave a new picture of the atom with a small positively charged nucleus containing almost all the mass, surrounded by empty space through which

  • Word count: 2072
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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Plan an experiment to compare the water potentials (Ø) of beetroot, potato and turnip.

Mark Acquaye 87 Brookscroft Road Walthamstow E17 4JP 7 May, 2007 The Editor Waltham Forest Guardian 34 Highams Park E4 5QW Dear Sir or Madam: I am writiting this letter to discuss the rersu Sincerely, ? Page 2 May 7,

  • Word count: 40
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Physical Sciences
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