The Effect of Intervase with Substrate,pH and Temperature
The Effect of Intervase with Substrate, pH and Temperature Abstract: An investigation into how temperature, substrate concentration and pH can affect the activity of intervase was carried out. In this investigation the intervase was put under 3 different conditions to also see if its optimum potential can be reached as well. This was found to be the case in the temperature investigation where the enzymes optimum reached 60oC and for the pH it reached pH4. These were due to the facts that the enzymes were moving faster with increasing kinetic energy. Implications of this investigation included the fact that the pH results didn't come out so well, this could be due to a number of errors (such as incorrect measurement). Further investigation could look at comparing different enzymes under the same 3 conditions and see how their activity is affected. Introduction: In this experiment intervase and substrate are used, both of these proteins are enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts in the body which speed up the rate of a reaction without being used up. They are also very specific due to the active site being able to exactly match up with the substrate it's reacting with. The rate at which enzymes work can be speeded up by an increase in concentration, this due to the face that more substrates are available for the enzyme to react with. The reaction will eventually remain
Hazards - A case study to illustrate hazards occuring in the physical, modified physical, built and human enviroment in Los Angeles.
HAZARDS "A CASE STUDY OF ONE MAJOR URBAN AREA TO ILLUSTRATE MULTIPLE HAZARDS OCCURING IN THE PHYSICAL, MODIFIED PHYSICAL, BUILT AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT" Location Los Angeles For several generations, Southern California was seen as America's promised land. Now it seems that Los Angeles is cursed by natural disasters. Los Angeles is prone to a number of physical hazards including earthquakes, brush fires, flood, drought and smog. The lifestyle and economic activities of the inhabitants create or worsen some of these. Los Angeles, with a population in excess of 13 million, has become known as 'Hazard City'. A hazard created by the physical environment is earthquakes. Los Angeles has been built over a myriad of transform faults. Although the most violent earthquakes are predicted to occur at any point along the San Andreas fault between Los Angeles and San Francisco, earth movements frequently occur along most of the lesser-known faults. A recent earthquake to have had a big effect on Los Angeles occurred in February 1994. It registered 6.7 on the Richter scale, lasted for 30 seconds, and was followed by aftershock lasting several days. The quake killed 60 people, injured several thousand, caused buildings and sections of freeways to collapse, ignited fires following a gas explosion, and left 500 000 homes without power and 200 000 without water. An example of a hazard from the
Greenback Bank: Environmental Policy Analysis. Greenback Bank: Environmental Policy Analysis
Greenback Bank: Environmental Policy Analysis Within corporations, nearly 1.5 pounds of paper are used per person per day.1 Based on a typical Fortune 500 company with 10,000 employees and a 255 workday year, this equates to over 3,825,000 pounds of paper per year. Our company, Greenback Bank, headquartered in Dallas, TX, has developed a progressive environmental policy to address this issue and many others. Greenback Bank has approximately 350 branches nationwide and it employs over 11,000 people. Greenback is a publicly traded company and is classified as a Fortune 500 company based on its revenues. Over the past five years, Greenback's financial performance has continued to increase. As a result of the recovering economy, Greenback has decided to implement a growth strategy to expand its branch network. This expansion has created a significant need to develop and implement an environmental policy. ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION STATEMENT We have benefited from the communities we serve and with our continued growth we want to ensure the customers, families, and entire communities that they will be served by an institution that is actively taking steps to be an environmentally friendly company. ENVIRONMENTAL VISION * Utilize energy efficient technologies and implement environmentally friendly designs for all new construction * Maximize the use of recycled materials and
The Sahel region of central Africa is arguably one of the most impoverished and environmentally damaged geographic regions on Earth.
The Sahel region of central Africa is arguably one of the most impoverished and environmentally damaged geographic regions on Earth. Aptly named Sahel, after the Arabic word for 'border' or 'margin', it comprises of the 300km wide mass of arid land south of the Sahara Desert and north of the tropical southern zones. (Gritzner 3) It intersects many of the major nations of central Africa including, but not limited to, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Chad. Spanning from the Atlantic, east to the Indian Ocean, the steppe-like Sahel supports sparse vegetation and infrequent wildlife in comparison to the lush low land rain forests of the south. The chief hydrographic feature is the lengthy Niger River, which cuts through Niger and Mali. The smaller Podor River also follows the northern border of Senegal emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. Since the Sahel is enclosed by desert and rainforest on either side, a dry steppe-plateau region results to the north, with grasslands and meager savanna in the south. The land is generally dehydrated, dusty, and flat. The climate of the Sahel is barely inviting. The weather patterns of the region are highly irregular and show signs of drastic change over the past centuries. Two major air masses dictate climate control. A dry air mass known as the "Continental tropical mass" blows over the steppe and northern savannah
Experiment - the identification of milk sugar will be determined by paper chromatography - The estimation of concentration of lactose, which is milk sugar, will be determined by a titration against alkaline copper (II) sulphate
Introduction In this experiment the identification of milk sugar will be determined by paper chromatography. The estimation of concentration of lactose, which is milk sugar, will be determined by a titration against alkaline copper (II) sulphate. This experiment will also confirm that lactose is milk sugar. The experiment will also estimate how much lactose there is in milk. The concentration of lactose will be determined by the pH of acid produced; when lactose reacts with alkaline copper (II) sulphate, an oxidation reaction occurs and copper (I) sulphate is produced along with carboxylic acid. R-CHO + Cu(II)2+ Cu(I)+ + R-COOH Lactose Copper(II) Copper(I) Carboxylic Acid Milk sugar from milk is separated using dialysed iron. Dialysed iron is used to precipitate the milk proteins. The proteins are removed using filtration, and a colourless solution is obtained. The (milk extract) protein-free filtrate; can then be titrated against Benedict's quantitative reagent (alkaline copper (II) sulphate) to estimate the reducing sugar content of milk. The paper chromatography is a fast way to separating mixtures of compounds with similar components in their structure. The reagent reacts with most sugars to
Granule Manufacture.
Practical 1: Granule Manufacture Introduction: Tablets are the single most common formulation used today. They account for 50% of total market share. The main reasons for this are the many advantages that come with formulating a drug as a tablet, such as: * Relative ease of manufacture compared to a cream for example * Uniformity of dose, compared to a suspension * Stability of dosage form, tablets can have a shelf life of over a year * Controllability of drug release. This does not occur in formulations such as creams. The ingredients of a tablet differ from one drug to another, and the different compositions will be reflected in the tablets therapeutic effectiveness. Variations in particle size will be reflected in a tablets physiochemical properties. A tablet will contain, primarily, the active ingredient, i.e. the drug that is being delivered. The tablet will also contain other ingredients that are necessary to formulate a satisfactory tablet, these ingredients are called excipients, and common excipients include: Binders: such as polyvinylpyrrolidin (PVP). These exert an effect by holding particles together; they induce the formation of granules. Diluents: such as lactose and microcrystalline cellulose. Diluents are used to increase the mass of the powder, for example if the over all mass of a tablet needed to be increased to 50mg, a diluent would be
Wendy's Case Study
Wendy's Case Study Wendy's International operates a chain of fast food restaurants, primarily operating under Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, Tim Horton's and Baja Fresh brands. The company has about 9700 restaurants in 20 countries. Wendy's has also been included in Fortune magazine's list of top 500 US companies. It is headquartered in Dublin, Ohio and employs about 58,000 people. The company recorded revenues of $3635.4 million during the fiscal year ended December 2004, an increase of 15.4% over 2003. This increase is primarily attributable to higher volume sales. The operating profit of the company during fiscal 2004 was $226.6 million, a decrease of 45.8% from fiscal 2003. The net profit was $52.0 million during fiscal year 2004, a decrease of 78.0% over 2003. Wendy's guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for their customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships. Wendy's vision is to be the quality leader in everything they do. REMOTE ENVIRONMENT Wendy's did show a lot of new ideas as far as the remote environment was concerned, for instance it established stored abroad, in the national expansion the franchisee agreement was for the area, a region and not for a store. Here she made agreements for time, area, technical associations and royalty. There are different problems that she has faced like
Adsorption of Isotherms, Physical Chemsitry
Adsorption Isotherms and Surface Area of a solid Introduction: The objective of this experiment is to express the relationship between the volume of gas adsorbed and the equilibrium pressure of the gas over the surface. This can be shown in an adsorption isotherm for nitrogen on a sample of silica powder. To determine the adsorption isotherm the experimental procedure is carried out utilising a vacuum line. Adsorption can be defined as the adhesion of molecules of gas to a surface and is known to be a consequence of surface energy. Adsorption is normally described as isotherms; the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure at a constant temperature. The overall aim of this experiment is to estimate the area occupied by one molecule of gas then subsequently the area covered by the monolayer. As adsorbed molecules can interact either chemically or physically with a surface; the distinction between the two must be defined so that the more convenient process is utilised within this experiment. Chemisorption is adsorption in which covalent bonding is involved. The molecules usually occupy specific adsorption sites on the surface and only a monolayer is formed. Physisorption is adsorption in which the forces involved are intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals. Under standard conditions the molecules from the gas phase can be adsorbed in
Discuss the problems involved in analysing the auditory environment and describe how the human audit
Discuss the problems involved in analysing the auditory environment and describe how the human audit This essay will examine the human auditory environment, highlighting some problems of analysing it and the way our auditory system overcomes them. Since it is such a broad subject, the essay will largely confine itself to examining localisation of sounds, and that most human of traits, speech perception. Sound consists of variations in pressure as a function in time. As a wave, it possesses pitch (frequency), volume and harmonics, or timbre, and a complex sound consists of more than one tone - such as the human voice. Its variations can be broken down into sinusoidal frequency components, and subject to Fourier analysis - which is the task of the ear. Sound waves enter the outer ear - the pinna, and travel through the auditory canal to the eardrum which they cause to vibrate. These vibrations are transmitted through the inner ear by three small bones, the malleus, incus and stapes. The middle ear then transfers the sound from air to the fluids in the spiral cochlea. Fluids in the cochlea apply pressure to the basilar membrane, running along the length of the cochlea - which breaks down the variations. The basilar membrane produces distortions which stimulate the hairs in the organ of corti, and these hair cells transduce the mechanical movement into an action potential within
Communication Climate.
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE INTRODUCTION Businesses and organisations run hot and cold when it comes to getting their message across to their key audiences. Likewise, their audiences/target groups run hot and cold, and it depends very much on the communication climate that exists within that organization at a particular time. This essay attempts to show how both internal and external audiences are affected by the communication climate that exists with an organization. This essay will show how a good communications climate addresses internal & external issues, including: (INTERNAL) Overall effectiveness, Employee morale, productivity, Safety, Recruitment record, Supplier confidence (EXTERNAL) customer relations, investor relations, industry leadership, community acceptance WHAT IS COMMUNICATIONS CLIMATE? We've all felt bright, hazy or stormy at work or in lectures. Communications climate refers to the internal communications pattern within an organization (Kreps, 1990) and describes: * the way we feel about the group or organisation we work for * the extent to which we value, and feel valued, by others * the overall working environment * the way we react to the work environment * how satisfying it is to communicate with others in the organisation. * perceptions of what is important in the organisation (services, creativity or safety) While it mostly affects internal
