Critically examine the suggestion that punishment today is as much about risk management as it is about reducing re-offending.

Contemporary Criminology Student No. 481365 Critically examine the suggestion that punishment today is as much about risk management as it is about reducing re-offending. In a broad sense the identification, classification and regulation of risk is very much a modern pre occupation that permeates many different areas of our daily lives. From terrorism to natural disasters, risk and how it might best be managed is a theme that is pervasive in modern life (Donoghue, 2008, p. 338). As Beck (1992, p. 174) highlighted modern society, by virtue of its inherent uncertainties and resulting insecurities, has become increasingly concerned with risk and its management. For criminologists this is an important factor in the understanding and explanation of current developments in crime control and penal policy (Kemshall & Maguire, 2001, p. 243). Feeley and Simon (1992, p. 450) argue that there has been a radical shift to a new penology, with the emergence of new discourses and the deployment of new techniques, the disciplinary focus has shifted from one based on individual behaviour and the possibility of change, towards the management of risk. This essay is going to critically examine the suggestion that punishment today is as much about risk management as it is about reducing offending, in order to do this, this essay will first critically examine the development of

  • Word count: 2840
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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The Rise Of Female Criminology and Female Crime.

@14060560 Traditionally, criminology has focussed on male offenders and early criminologists were mainly men. With reference to your academic reading, outline the rise of feminist criminology, offering examples of crime to illustrate its importance. For the rationale of this paper, the author will deliberate the crime from men and women in the 1800 era, it will touch upon two of the UKs notorious serial killers male and female. We will touch upon, the early criminologist and there theory that all criminals were undoubtedly men. The author will give understanding of the initial works, of the world famous ‘Father of Criminology’ Cesare Lombroso’s (1876). Data taken regarding women in prisons, is on the rise. This paper will look at feminist criminology from an early era until the present date. In the early 1800s crime was relatively insignificant, compared to today’s society. In the 1800s women did not commit crimes, although crimes for men such as breaking into a dwelling, stealing, setting fires, administrating vitriol powder or poison to cause death, beating and wounding. The age range of men committing crimes was aged 14 years to 48 years, there charges would be death, sentenced to prison, acquittal or discharged. In the 1800s it was not that uncommon to be transported to Australia for crimes. In 1862 there was a vast surge of sexual crimes, street robberies,

  • Word count: 2374
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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The consumption and control of legal and illegal opiates has clear global dimensions. Discuss.

The consumption and control of legal and illegal opiates has clear global dimensions. Discuss. The consumption of opiates for both its pain killing qualities and its recreational uses dates back to at least the ancient Greeks, and its cultural, trade and legal status has changed constantly during this time. This essay will look briefly the way opiates have been seen, traded and controlled around the world, discussing how the perspective of the drug differs throughout history and geographical location, at the effects caused economically, culturally and politically, at different levels of society and the effects that legislation has had both locally and globally. In the late 1700's the British were trading world wide however they were at disadvantage with China as they were importing vast quantities of tea but had no exports to China, in order to balance this, the British started exporting opium that they were producing in India to China, resulting in the British East India Company gaining the monopoly of the opium trade by 1790. Due to the number of consumers in China, the emperor, Kia King, banned the use of opium, however the British continued to supply as they considered this prohibition unfair, resulting in the Opium Wars in which China was forced to allow ports of free trade and allow the importation of opium. This trade continued until the Chinese finally convinced the

  • Word count: 1261
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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Research methods

Research Methods Semester Two PART A: ) The data collected in this survey is a quantitative piece of data. It is quantifiable, which means that the measurements can easily be translated into descriptive statistics, such as bar charts and means, and can be analysed using statistical techniques to produced neat conclusions. The data is high in reliability as the questions are standardised, which means that each respondent gets asked the same question, in the same order via the same method. Due to this it is possible to directly compare measures taken on different people or groups. It is also possible to see that the measure used does not vary wildly depending on different perceptions, but connects to a common 'reality'. Therefore it can be replicated again if needs be to produce the same set of results. The data collected is also from a representative sample, as it has been completed by 247 students, which is a large amount of the target population. However as it has only been carried out by research methods students from Sheffield Hallam University, so is only representative of them. This means the quality of the data is poor and can't be generalised to the larger population. To improve the representativeness in future years, they should carry out the survey on students from other subjects and universities in order to gain a more representative sample. The validity of

  • Word count: 3042
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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