What changed most as a result of 1968?
Julia Slay Sixties Essay 2 What Changed Most as a Result of 1968? 1968 stands out one of the watershed years of the 20th Century; it encompasses the dominant components of the sixties; the radicalization of world politics, the theme of protest, cultural upheaval and the superpower battle for world primacy all reach the kink of their individual graphs in 1968. The significance of the events that occurred cannot be ignored and, from the Tet Offensive to the Prague Spring, had a terrific impact, serving to permanently alter the socio-political fabric of country's worldwide. Essentially, 1968 posed a fundamental challenge to the state and the existing social order; but while for some it was 'a world historical moment'1, for others it was an 'unkept promise'2 which left the potential for change unfulfilled and had no lasting impact. Examining what the most profound, lasting or radical change may be is a problematic task, not least because, if one thing is evident, this year is one of controversy and contradictions, perhaps meaning the answer to that question becomes purely subjective, as illustrated by the continuous debate within historical circles which, as the two previous quotes illustrate, are potentially irresolvable. The theme of change becomes recurrent in worldwide political spheres throughout 1968: With increasing tension in the Vietnam and Cold Wars which were
To what extent do changes to the European Council establish clear leadership in the EU?
EU Law and Government Voluntary Assignment To what extent do changes to the European Council establish clear leadership in the EU? KATERINA GAVRIELIDOU MSc Politics and Government in the EU London School of Economics and Political Science INTRODUCTION To begin with, it is true to say that the Lisbon Treaty has brought many changes to the European Council, however, this essay will examine the extent to which the European Council is the new leader, if at all, of the Union. The LT provided institutional reforms in order to make the European Council work better. Moreover, it formally recognized it as an institution that is subject to the jurisdiction of the ECJ and was given a more explicit leadership role in the EU. A European Council Presidency with full-time position was introduced, in the place of the six months rotation among the heads of government. The role of the European Council is seen by many scholars as conflicting with the other leaders of the European Union such as the rotating Presidency of the Council of Ministers and the President of the Commission. Only time will show how these relationships will work, and who will finally exert clear leadership in the European Union. MAIN BODY Initially, it would be really useful to state the difference between the European Council and the Council of the European Union or Council of Ministers, two completely different
'States and only states possess legal personality within the international legal system'.Discuss.
200127801 International Law 22019 'States and only states possess legal personality within the international legal system'. Discuss. When a statement such as this is presented in a study in the context of the international legal system, it offers much universality upon the scope of such an analysis. The subject matter exposes specific areas which have matured and which give rise to sub-divisions of themes, branching from the foremost theme-that of states. This discussion can be said to be concerned with international personality in the context of, ultimately, states and initially that of the recognition of states. However, a discussion upon this subject must not omit the relevance of international personality in the context of other international entities such as individuals, international organisations and the Holy See, as the addition of these entities by the international community as possessing international personality and the consequential acceptance of these entities possessing international personality illustrates the development of the international legal system. To a certain extent self-determination and independence (which is not for illegal means) will also briefly be approached and explored as relevant from the discussion title. International law is the legal system, which provides a scheme of regulations and standards, which are used as a means of
Canadian Astronaut Julie Payette
Julie Payette Canadian Astronaut Julie Payette Julie Payette (born October 20, 1963 in Montréal, Québec) is an astronaut with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) who currently works primarily with the United States's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Education Payette attended elementary and secondary schools in Montréal. In 1982 she completed an International Baccalaureate Diploma at the United World International College of the Atlantic in South Wales, UK. She later received a bachelor of engineering from McGill University in 1986 and a Master of applied science from the University of Toronto in 1990. She is fluent in French and English and speaks conversational Spanish, Italian, German and Russian. [edit] Career Between 1986 and 1988, Payette worked as a system engineer for IBM Canada's Science Engineering division. From 1988 to 1990, as a graduate student at the University of Toronto, she was involved in a high-performance computer architecture project and worked as a teaching assistant. At the beginning of 1991, Payette joined the Communications and science department of the IBM Research Laboratory in Zürich, Switzerland, for a one year visiting scientist appointment. When she returned to Canada, in January 1992, she joined the Speech Research Group of Bell-Northern research in Montréal where she was responsible for a project in telephone
Critically compare and contrast the democratisation of Egypt and Saudi Arabia
0307165 Critically compare and contrast the democratisation of Egypt and Saudi Arabia The purpose of this essay will not be to attempt to answer whether or not the process of democratisation in Egypt or Saudi Arabia will ever bear fruit in terms of a democratic system for either or both of these countries. The purpose of this essay is merely to explore the similarities and differences between Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the bundle of developments known collectively as democratisation. That is not to say that I will not be making my own judgements as to the effectiveness of such developments or the motives behind them if I believe that they affect their significance. In this essay I shall argue that the most The bulk of this essay will be devoted to discussing issues of political participation and human rights, as I believe these to be central in the process of democratisation. The first question we must therefore ask ourselves is 'what is democratisation?' To put it simply, democratisation is "the process of moving from an authoritarian1 to a democratic political system."2 Obviously, however, this definition is of little help unless we also define what we mean by democracy. I would argue that the characteristics of democracy can be divided into two broad types, what I would call procedural and normative. By procedural I mean purely related to the mechanisms of
ASEAN: Whiter Multilateral Approach?
Whiter ASEAN's Multilateral Approach to Peace? This essay attempts to discuss the constraints of ASEAN's Multilateral Approach to peace in the Asia Pacific region. It argues that ASEAN's role is limited due to several connected reasons namely ASEAN's principle of non-intervention which is the main principle of the 'ASEAN Way', lack of cohesion among its members, the absent of punishment or sanctions and limited resources as a bargaining point owned by its members. In order to overcome these challenges, ASEAN needs a new political and security blueprint for itself. It should undertake a strategic pause, go back to basic and reflect upon what it aspired to in its founding and, from there, chart a new course for the future. In short, ASEAN needs to reset itself and start a new, but without ignoring the tensions between the desirable and the possible. This requires member states to deepen and expand areas of political and security cooperation, both in traditional and non-traditional areas. In the end, ASEAN needs to be a more integrated institution which could provide guidelines for its members. In order to improve its conflict prevention and conflict resolution capacity, ASEAN also needs to establish a specific body. Such a body could provide ASEAN member states a new vehicle to forge a more institutionalized mechanism for confidence-building measures (CBMS). Background In
Critically examine the role of political ideas in the Russian Revolution
Critically examine the role of political ideas in the Russian Revolution. The first and most important thing to consider about the Russian Revolution of 1917 was that it was a year of upheaval and the revolution itself consisted mainly of two completely separate revolutions, with different agendas, but while they do differ in terms of what they set out to achieve you could look at them as different stages of a larger whole revolution in terms of what they actually achieve. The February revolution served as a means to overthrow the state of autocracy implanted by the Tsar's and replace it with the new "provisional" government, where the Russian Duma (Parliament) acted as the primary executive, judiciary and legislative body. The arguably more famous of the two revolutions, the one that is commonly referred to when talking about the Russian Revolution was the Bolshevik communist revolution in October 1917 led by Vladimir Lenin. This Revolution brought about the USSR's (formally Russia) withdrawal from the war and the USSR's communist philosophy1. The 1917 revolution was of course not the only revolution in Russia, there have been many, one of the most notable being the 1905 Revolution which saw a discontented Russian nation trying to overthrow Nicholas II after a century of discontentment and a failed war against the Japanese2. Throughout my essay I will be exploring the
The role of the International Monetary Fund
Some of the questions that I will be focusing on include: What do the reforms include? What are the problems the reforms are designed to solve? Will they succeed? What are the obstacles to reform? The IMF was created in 1944 as an organization to promote international monetary cooperation through exchange rate stability and to facilitate the expansion of international trade by addressing balance of payment problems among the initial twenty nine member countries. In recent decades the IMF members have grown significantly. From its first twenty nine members, to now one hundred and eighty three members are now apart of the IMF. Form its original mandate in 1944- to coordinate national currencies- the IMF mandates has significantly expanded. Now the IMF offers financial support and credit to countries in need of financial assistance. The IMF provides fiscal and monetary advice to governments and local economies. In recent years the IMF has received backlash for its policies. Some have argued that the IMF policies and the conditions that the IMF attaches to its loans do more damage than good. Their policies put countries, developing countries especially, in a worse position than they were in before, by allowing them to go further in debt with little hope of recovery. There are numerous cases where the IMF has failed. A few case studies form Latin America, Asia, Africa and Eastern
How are ideas and interests understood by differenttheories of European Integration?
How are ideas and interests understood by different theories of European Integration? I. General introduction. II. Explanation of the question: a. Introduction to the theme of "Theories and Approaches to European Integration". b. Explanation of the concepts imbrued in the question, namely: "Ideas"; "Concepts"; "European Integration". c. A possible answer: . Analysis of the different theoretical arguments used to comprehend the process of European Integration and where possible, localization of these in a specific temporal circumstance. 2. Analysis of the duality of "ideas" and "interests" in the various theoretical paradigms of European integration and their role variations in different theories. III. Main conclusions. IV. Bibliography. V. Debate questions. I. General Introduction: The overall goal of this presentation/outline is to provide: 1. An overview of the different theories of European Integration and (...) 2. (...) analyse their methodological structure and end-goal, in conjunction with an analysis of the duality "ideas" -"interests" and their role in the various theoretical paradigms. II. Explanation of the Question: a. Introduction: The various theories and approaches to European Integration: * Serve the purpose of conceptualising empirical actions, ideas and structural formation taken as part of the process of European Integration and (...)
What makes for effective lobbying in the European Union?
ESSAY: What makes for effective lobbying in the European Union? INTRODUCTION: Is the European lobbying effective in the European Union (EU)? The lobbying, according to B. Legrelle, is "the way to change law" (Internet source#1). In accordance with the words of Gilles Lamarque, its aim is "to reorient a norm, to create a new one or to abolish existing clauses" (Internet source#1). The word "lobby" comes from the American language. Firstly it was a hall, a corridor. Then, it meant "hall open to the public in a legislature's assembly place" (Internet source#1). Nowadays, the word designates the people who are in this place in order to try to influence Members of Parliament (MPs). The extra meanings of lobby are "interest group" and "pressure group". In fact, lobbying is precisely to put pressure on government in order to defend its own interests or those of its clients. However, lobbying is a pure legal activity. On July the 1st 1987, the twelve countries of the European Union passed the Single European Act. This important stage in the European structure launched transfers of sovereignty from member States governments to the European institutions. Since this exclusive event, the lobbying beside the institutions continues to strengthen. Indeed, it was in the interest of companies and societies from all the member States to begin a real action of lobbying. What are
